By Ye Xie
March 20 (Bloomberg) -- The dollar traded near the lowest level against the euro since January on bets the Federal Reserve’s plan to buy Treasuries will push down yields on U.S. assets and prompt investors to seek returns elsewhere.
The U.S. currency dropped yesterday to the lowest versus Norway’s krone since October and depreciated against the pound as the Fed started flooding the market with greenbacks. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. raised the target on its bet against the dollar to $1.40 per euro yesterday after the greenback plunged on March 18 the most since the 16-nation currency’s 1999 debut.
“Risky assets rallied, and the dollar was hit,” said London-based Momtchil Pojarliev, head of currency at Hermes Pensions Management Ltd., which has about $70 billion in assets under management. “The market doesn’t like quantitative easing. I think the dollar will remain weak.”
The dollar traded at $1.3665 per euro at 6:13 a.m. in Tokyo, after declining 1.4 percent yesterday, when it touched $1.3738, the weakest level since Jan. 9. The U.S. currency was at 94.48 yen, after falling 1.8 percent yesterday and reaching 93.54, the lowest since Feb. 23. The euro traded at 129.08 yen, following a 0.4 percent drop. The dollar was at $1.4508 per pound after decreasing 1.6 percent.
Currencies of commodity producers such as the Norwegian krone led the rally against the dollar yesterday. The krone gained as much as 4 percent to 6.2866 per dollar, the strongest level since Oct. 15.
Crude oil, Norway’s biggest export, exceeded $50 a barrel for the first time in two months, while gold had its biggest gain since September.
Outlook for Inflation
“We may end up with higher inflation down the road, and people need to buy real productive assets, which the U.S. doesn’t have,” said New York-based David Tien of Fischer Francis Trees & Watts, who helps oversee funds that were worth an estimated $22 billion in December. “The biggest winner will be commodity currencies followed by the euro.”
The greenback may trade in “high $1.40 areas” versus the euro in the next three to six months, according to Tien. The U.S. currency lost 10 percent in the first half of December after the Fed first brought up the prospect of quantitative easing. In such a practice, a central bank uses injections of funds into the economy as its main policy tool.
Goldman Sachs stepped up its bet against the dollar, a trade it recommended on Feb. 19 when the U.S. currency was at $1.2570, according to a note sent to clients yesterday titled “Let the Printing Press Roll.”
Rate Spreads
“U.S. rate differentials are turning much less dollar- supportive,” wrote Francesco Garzarelli, chief interest-rate strategist at Goldman Sachs in London.
The yield on the 10-year Treasury note increased 0.06 percentage point to 2.60 percent yesterday after tumbling on March 18 by the most since January 1962. The rate was 0.46 percentage point lower than that of the comparable-maturity German bund. The gap widened from 0.18 percentage point three days ago.
The ICE’s Dollar Index slid for an eighth day yesterday, the longest stretch in a year, after the Federal Open Market Committee said on March 18 it would purchase up to $300 billion in Treasuries and an additional $750 billion of agency mortgage- backed securities.
The premium traders pay to buy call options on the euro versus the dollar over puts rose to a level indicating traders are the most bullish on the European currency in at least five years. A call option gives an investor the right to buy, while a put provides the right to sell.
Risk Reversal
The euro’s one-month 25-delta risk-reversal rate against the dollar reached 0.9675 percent yesterday, the highest since October 2003, when Bloomberg began compiling the data. The index had a negative reading as recently as March 12. A delta is the change in the value of an option for each dollar change in the market price of the underlying asset.
The dollar may reassert itself as the global economy continues to shrink, prompting investors to buy the world’s reserve currency for safety, according to Robert Blake, head of strategy for North America in Boston at State Street Global Markets LLC, which has $12 trillion in assets under custody.
“We are not convinced yet this is going to result in sustained weakness of the dollar,” said Blake. “Quantitative easing is not something that works automatically on the economy and won’t necessarily lead to bank lending. I am not convinced recovery is here. There will be ugly data to come.”
The Philadelphia Fed’s general economic index increased to minus 35 in March from minus 41.3 a month earlier, indicating manufacturing in the region contracted for a sixth month.
To contact the reporter on this story: Ye Xie in New York at yxie6@bloomberg.net
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=ayYE24Luo3bY&refer=japan
2009年3月19日星期四
Obama Administration Sides With Wal-Mart Workers
By Karen Gullo and Margaret Cronin Fisk
March 19 (Bloomberg) -- The Obama administration sided with women suing Wal-Mart Stores Inc. for discrimination, urging a federal appeals court to let the current and former workers sue as a group and proceed with the biggest sex-bias case in U.S. history.
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, weighing in on the lawsuit for the first time since it was filed in 2001, rejected Wal-Mart’s argument that as many as 2 million workers shouldn’t be allowed to seek back pay and punitive damages as a group because that would violate the company’s right to defend itself against each worker’s claims before a jury.
That position would prevent the government from ever seeking punitive damages from companies with a pattern of discrimination and interfere with the EEOC’s ability to obtain redress for violations of Title VII, the federal law that prohibits discrimination, said Barbara Sloan, an EEOC attorney, in a filing with a federal appeals court in San Francisco.
“If Wal-Mart’s arguments were accepted, it could effectively preclude a claim for punitive damages in most if not all Title VII pattern-or-practice cases including those brought by the Commission,” Sloan wrote. “It would be ‘nonsensical’ to prevent victims of particularly egregious discrimination from proceeding collectively.”
Wal-Mart, the largest U.S. private employer, is accused of paying women less than men and giving them fewer promotions. The 2001 lawsuit was originally filed in San Francisco by six women seeking to represent other employees.
Appeals Court
A federal appeals court on March 24 will hear arguments in Wal-Mart’s appeal of a judge’s ruling that allowed workers to sue as a group and seek back pay and punitive damages. Wal-Mart, based in Bentonville, Arkansas, denied discriminating and said it should be allowed to defend the women’s claims on a case-by- case basis.
“We believe the EEOC’s positions are fundamentally incorrect and look forward to presenting our argument to the court of appeals on Tuesday,” Theodore Boutrous, Wal-Mart’s attorney, said today in an e-mail message.
The EEOC’s support of the Wal-Mart class action “can’t simply be attributed to the change in administrations,” said attorney Joseph Sellers, who represents the women. “These are the views of the people who were the holdovers at the commission,” he said.
“Wal-Mart’s position, if adopted by the court, would lead to the elimination of employment class actions larger than a couple of hundred people,” he said.
The EEOC didn’t address the merits of the case. The agency said it was filing the brief because “this court’s resolution of issues relating to punitive damages and backpay in class cases may directly affect the commission’s enforcement of Title VII” of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, “particularly its systemic litigation.”
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce earlier filed an amicus brief supporting Wal-Mart’s efforts to reverse the class-action decision. “If the district court’s decision stands, it will have a potentially destructive effect on the Chamber’s members, who will likely face billions of dollars in new class-action claims,” the organization’s lawyers argued in a March 6 filing.
The EEOC’s support of class certification “would be given considerable weight” by the appeals court considering the decision, law professor Carl Tobias of the University of Richmond said today. “That’s the agency’s area of expertise.”
The case is Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 04-16688, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (San Francisco).
To contact the reporters on this story: Karen Gullo in San Francisco kgullo@bloomberg.net; Margaret Cronin Fisk in Southfield, Michigan, at mcfisk@bloomberg.net.
March 19 (Bloomberg) -- The Obama administration sided with women suing Wal-Mart Stores Inc. for discrimination, urging a federal appeals court to let the current and former workers sue as a group and proceed with the biggest sex-bias case in U.S. history.
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, weighing in on the lawsuit for the first time since it was filed in 2001, rejected Wal-Mart’s argument that as many as 2 million workers shouldn’t be allowed to seek back pay and punitive damages as a group because that would violate the company’s right to defend itself against each worker’s claims before a jury.
That position would prevent the government from ever seeking punitive damages from companies with a pattern of discrimination and interfere with the EEOC’s ability to obtain redress for violations of Title VII, the federal law that prohibits discrimination, said Barbara Sloan, an EEOC attorney, in a filing with a federal appeals court in San Francisco.
“If Wal-Mart’s arguments were accepted, it could effectively preclude a claim for punitive damages in most if not all Title VII pattern-or-practice cases including those brought by the Commission,” Sloan wrote. “It would be ‘nonsensical’ to prevent victims of particularly egregious discrimination from proceeding collectively.”
Wal-Mart, the largest U.S. private employer, is accused of paying women less than men and giving them fewer promotions. The 2001 lawsuit was originally filed in San Francisco by six women seeking to represent other employees.
Appeals Court
A federal appeals court on March 24 will hear arguments in Wal-Mart’s appeal of a judge’s ruling that allowed workers to sue as a group and seek back pay and punitive damages. Wal-Mart, based in Bentonville, Arkansas, denied discriminating and said it should be allowed to defend the women’s claims on a case-by- case basis.
“We believe the EEOC’s positions are fundamentally incorrect and look forward to presenting our argument to the court of appeals on Tuesday,” Theodore Boutrous, Wal-Mart’s attorney, said today in an e-mail message.
The EEOC’s support of the Wal-Mart class action “can’t simply be attributed to the change in administrations,” said attorney Joseph Sellers, who represents the women. “These are the views of the people who were the holdovers at the commission,” he said.
“Wal-Mart’s position, if adopted by the court, would lead to the elimination of employment class actions larger than a couple of hundred people,” he said.
The EEOC didn’t address the merits of the case. The agency said it was filing the brief because “this court’s resolution of issues relating to punitive damages and backpay in class cases may directly affect the commission’s enforcement of Title VII” of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, “particularly its systemic litigation.”
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce earlier filed an amicus brief supporting Wal-Mart’s efforts to reverse the class-action decision. “If the district court’s decision stands, it will have a potentially destructive effect on the Chamber’s members, who will likely face billions of dollars in new class-action claims,” the organization’s lawyers argued in a March 6 filing.
The EEOC’s support of class certification “would be given considerable weight” by the appeals court considering the decision, law professor Carl Tobias of the University of Richmond said today. “That’s the agency’s area of expertise.”
The case is Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 04-16688, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (San Francisco).
To contact the reporters on this story: Karen Gullo in San Francisco kgullo@bloomberg.net; Margaret Cronin Fisk in Southfield, Michigan, at mcfisk@bloomberg.net.
Fed plan may lower rates, but at what cost?
By Burton Frierson - Analysis
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Through its control of the printing press the Federal Reserve may be able to push down government bond yields as low as it wants, though it will eventually face a day of reckoning with inflation.
The Federal Reserve said on Wednesday it would buy up to $300 billion in longer-term Treasuries, effectively printing money in order to lower yields and bring down borrowing costs throughout the economy, particularly in the troubled mortgage sector.
Not all analysts agree the plan is a good idea or that it will cure what ails the heavily indebted economy, but many expect it to bring the benchmark 10-year note yield back down to the 50 year lows seen around 2.0 per cent seen last December.
"They can hold them down as low and as long as they want because they can print as much money as they want," said Marty Mitchell head of government bond trading at Stifel Nicolaus in Baltimore.
"Yields can stay low and probably are headed lower."
Inflation will ultimately become an issue, Mitchell said, but the more immediate concern was the prospect of a downward deflationary spiral in prices, wages and economic activity.
This means inflation is not on the agenda and will not be for at least a matter of months and possibly a couple of years.
"Inflation is tomorrow's end game," Mitchell added. "Right now they're fighting off a deflationary environment."
FOUR PERCENT MORTGAGE RATES ?
In the wake of the Fed's announcement on Wednesday, 10-year yields fell as far as 2.47 percent from near 3.0 percent for the biggest one day fall since the 1987 stockmarket crash, but on Thursday 10-year yields actually rose to 2.59 percent.
Mary Ann Hurley, vice president of fixed-income trading at D.A. Davidson & Co. in Seattle, also said the 2.0 percent level on 10-year yields would come into play, but was not sure how long the Fed could hold yields at that level.
"I think their desire is to get conventional mortgage rates down to four percent and I think they're going to keep buying Treasuries to achieve that level," Hurley said.
Interest rates on 30-year fixed-rate mortgages fell more than 0.40 percentage point to 4.79 percent on Thursday, according to the Zillow Mortgage Rate Monitor, compiled by real estate website Zillow.com.
The Fed has made clear it wants to support mortgage market, and pushing rates down may indeed help overly indebted home owners switch out of onerous loan terms and into cheaper ones.
Still, it remains to be seen whether credit easing will help an economy suffering from the effects of rampant over borrowing by consumers more broadly. Continued...The Fed may take comfort, though, from the fact that it is not alone, with the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan involved in similar debt-buying endeavors.
CROSSING THE RUBICON
And then, there's the nagging issue of inflation.
"While we're not concerned about inflation right now, boy we potentially have a huge problem down the road," said Hurley. "I don't think it's this year or next year's problem but maybe 2011."
"We've got a huge amount of stimulus and how is the Fed going to unwind all this? I can see a scenario where interest rates go up dramatically, which will hurt the economy. So, it's a mess."
It's not just interest rates that may facing greater volatility. The dollar too might be in for a wild ride if Wednesday's plunge is any guide.
Against a basket of currencies, the dollar sank 3.0 percent, its largest percentage drop since 1985 .DXY.
This result of the Fed plan may be the biggest concern.
Even though the central bank may have some initial success in depressing rates, analysts worry that monetary policy has passed a point of no return with the printing of money.
"We've crossed the Rubicon," said Howard Simons, strategist at Bianco Research in Chicago. "We have absolutely severed any connection between our dollar and reality. It's as fast as you can print it right now."
(Additional Reporting by Julie Haviv)
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Through its control of the printing press the Federal Reserve may be able to push down government bond yields as low as it wants, though it will eventually face a day of reckoning with inflation.
The Federal Reserve said on Wednesday it would buy up to $300 billion in longer-term Treasuries, effectively printing money in order to lower yields and bring down borrowing costs throughout the economy, particularly in the troubled mortgage sector.
Not all analysts agree the plan is a good idea or that it will cure what ails the heavily indebted economy, but many expect it to bring the benchmark 10-year note yield back down to the 50 year lows seen around 2.0 per cent seen last December.
"They can hold them down as low and as long as they want because they can print as much money as they want," said Marty Mitchell head of government bond trading at Stifel Nicolaus in Baltimore.
"Yields can stay low and probably are headed lower."
Inflation will ultimately become an issue, Mitchell said, but the more immediate concern was the prospect of a downward deflationary spiral in prices, wages and economic activity.
This means inflation is not on the agenda and will not be for at least a matter of months and possibly a couple of years.
"Inflation is tomorrow's end game," Mitchell added. "Right now they're fighting off a deflationary environment."
FOUR PERCENT MORTGAGE RATES ?
In the wake of the Fed's announcement on Wednesday, 10-year yields fell as far as 2.47 percent from near 3.0 percent for the biggest one day fall since the 1987 stockmarket crash, but on Thursday 10-year yields actually rose to 2.59 percent.
Mary Ann Hurley, vice president of fixed-income trading at D.A. Davidson & Co. in Seattle, also said the 2.0 percent level on 10-year yields would come into play, but was not sure how long the Fed could hold yields at that level.
"I think their desire is to get conventional mortgage rates down to four percent and I think they're going to keep buying Treasuries to achieve that level," Hurley said.
Interest rates on 30-year fixed-rate mortgages fell more than 0.40 percentage point to 4.79 percent on Thursday, according to the Zillow Mortgage Rate Monitor, compiled by real estate website Zillow.com.
The Fed has made clear it wants to support mortgage market, and pushing rates down may indeed help overly indebted home owners switch out of onerous loan terms and into cheaper ones.
Still, it remains to be seen whether credit easing will help an economy suffering from the effects of rampant over borrowing by consumers more broadly. Continued...The Fed may take comfort, though, from the fact that it is not alone, with the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan involved in similar debt-buying endeavors.
CROSSING THE RUBICON
And then, there's the nagging issue of inflation.
"While we're not concerned about inflation right now, boy we potentially have a huge problem down the road," said Hurley. "I don't think it's this year or next year's problem but maybe 2011."
"We've got a huge amount of stimulus and how is the Fed going to unwind all this? I can see a scenario where interest rates go up dramatically, which will hurt the economy. So, it's a mess."
It's not just interest rates that may facing greater volatility. The dollar too might be in for a wild ride if Wednesday's plunge is any guide.
Against a basket of currencies, the dollar sank 3.0 percent, its largest percentage drop since 1985 .DXY.
This result of the Fed plan may be the biggest concern.
Even though the central bank may have some initial success in depressing rates, analysts worry that monetary policy has passed a point of no return with the printing of money.
"We've crossed the Rubicon," said Howard Simons, strategist at Bianco Research in Chicago. "We have absolutely severed any connection between our dollar and reality. It's as fast as you can print it right now."
(Additional Reporting by Julie Haviv)
在国外美容--英语对话
Hairdresser: Good morning, madam.
Guest: Good morning. I would like a shampoo and set.
Hairdresser: Yes, madam. What style do you want?
Guest: I'd like to try a new hair-style. Could you show me some pictures of hair styles?
Hairdresser: Sure. We have various models: hair bobbed, hair sweptback, chaplet hair style, shoulder-length hair style, hair done in a bun. Please have a look at them, madam.
Guest: Thanks. Please give me the style in this picture here but make the wave longer. I would like hair spray, please.
Hairdresser: Yes, madam.
Guest: Oh, your hair dryer is too hot. Would you adjust it, please?
Hairdresser: Sorry, madam. I'll adjust it right away.
Hairdresser: Is that all right now?
Guest: Yes, thank.
Hairdresser: Please have a look.
Guest: Beautifully done. Please trim my eyebrows and darken them.
Hairdresser: All right, madam. And would you like a manicure?
Guest: Yes. Use a light nail varnish, please.
美容师：上午好，太太。
客人：上午好。我想洗头、做头发。
美容师：是，太太。做什么式样？
客人：我想换个新发型。你能不能给我看些发型式样的照片？
美容师：可以。我们有各种各样的发型，如剪短发、后掠式、盘花冠式、齐肩式，还有把头发挽成发髻。太太，您请看。
客人：谢谢。请你按这张照片上的发型烫，波浪烫长些。请喷些发胶。
美容师：好的，太太。
客人：哎呦，吹风太热了，请调整一下吧。
美容师：对不起，太太。我马上调整。
美容师：现在可以了吗？
客人：可以了，谢谢。
美容师：请您看一看。
客人：做得好极了。请把眉毛修一下，再画深一点。
美容师：好的，太太。您还要修一下指甲吗？
客人：要的。请用浅色指甲油。
Vocabulary 单词表
1. bob: 剪短（头发）
2. sweptback: 向后倾斜的
3. chaplet: 花冠
4. spray: 喷，洒
5. adjust: 调整
6. manicure: 修指甲
7. varnish: 清漆，油
Guest: Good morning. I would like a shampoo and set.
Hairdresser: Yes, madam. What style do you want?
Guest: I'd like to try a new hair-style. Could you show me some pictures of hair styles?
Hairdresser: Sure. We have various models: hair bobbed, hair sweptback, chaplet hair style, shoulder-length hair style, hair done in a bun. Please have a look at them, madam.
Guest: Thanks. Please give me the style in this picture here but make the wave longer. I would like hair spray, please.
Hairdresser: Yes, madam.
Guest: Oh, your hair dryer is too hot. Would you adjust it, please?
Hairdresser: Sorry, madam. I'll adjust it right away.
Hairdresser: Is that all right now?
Guest: Yes, thank.
Hairdresser: Please have a look.
Guest: Beautifully done. Please trim my eyebrows and darken them.
Hairdresser: All right, madam. And would you like a manicure?
Guest: Yes. Use a light nail varnish, please.
美容师：上午好，太太。
客人：上午好。我想洗头、做头发。
美容师：是，太太。做什么式样？
客人：我想换个新发型。你能不能给我看些发型式样的照片？
美容师：可以。我们有各种各样的发型，如剪短发、后掠式、盘花冠式、齐肩式，还有把头发挽成发髻。太太，您请看。
客人：谢谢。请你按这张照片上的发型烫，波浪烫长些。请喷些发胶。
美容师：好的，太太。
客人：哎呦，吹风太热了，请调整一下吧。
美容师：对不起，太太。我马上调整。
美容师：现在可以了吗？
客人：可以了，谢谢。
美容师：请您看一看。
客人：做得好极了。请把眉毛修一下，再画深一点。
美容师：好的，太太。您还要修一下指甲吗？
客人：要的。请用浅色指甲油。
Vocabulary 单词表
1. bob: 剪短（头发）
2. sweptback: 向后倾斜的
3. chaplet: 花冠
4. spray: 喷，洒
5. adjust: 调整
6. manicure: 修指甲
7. varnish: 清漆，油
2009年3月12日星期四
洗发水
洗发水的清洁剂 ，以清洁你的头发和你的头皮。 Most shampoos clean your hair very well.大多数洗发水清洁你的头发非常好。 Where they differ is how your hair feels afterward, depending partly on the strength of the surfactants.如果它们不同的是如何认为你的头发后，一定程度上取决于其强度的表面活性剂。 Stronger clarifying shampoos should not be used more than once or twice a week.更有力的澄清洗发水不应当被用来不止一次或每周两次。 Those designed for daily use contain mild surfactants and are less likely to irritate the scalp.这些专为日常使用含有温和表面活性剂和不太可能刺激头皮。
Ingredients of shampoos成分的洗发水
All shampoos are 80-90% water with 2-8% detergents and foaming agents and about 1% fragrance and preservatives.所有的洗发水是80-90 ％的水2-8 ％洗涤剂和发泡剂和1 ％左右的香水和防腐剂。 Shampoos often contain antistatic and detangling agents as well as thickeners, humectants, sequestering agents, colour and conditioners.洗发水通常包含抗静电和detangling代理人以及增稠剂， humectants ，碳剂，颜色和空调。
Effective detergents include sodium lauryl sulfate, laureth sulfate and sulfosuccinate.有效的洗涤剂包括十二烷基硫酸钠，硫酸和laureth磺酸钠。 They give the hair a squeaky clean feel.他们给头发一做得干干净净的感觉。
Clarifying shampoos contain heavy-duty surfactants.澄清洗发水含有重型表面活性剂。 Body building shampoos contain proteins that bond to hair and increase its volume.班子建设洗发水含有蛋白质，头发和债券，以增加其数量。
Moisturizing shampoos are the best choice for dry, flyaway hair.保湿洗发水是最好的选择，干燥，隔热的头发。 They can cut down on static, make split ends look better (by gluing them together with proteins), and pull moisture onto hair to keep it from getting too dry.他们可以减少静电，使开叉好看（由粘合在一起的蛋白质） ，并把水分到头发保持它太干燥。
Revitalizing or replenishing shampoos are made for color-treated, permed, and damaged hair and contain gentler surfactants.振兴或补充洗发水是彩色处理， permed ，和受损的毛发和含有温和表面活性剂。 They may include ingredients designed to retain colour or to help to repair split ends, but there's little evidence that they are effective.它们可能包括成分设计保留肤色或帮助修复开叉，但几乎没有证据表明，他们是有效的。
2-in-1 shampoos with conditioner save time but may leave your hair feeling too dry or sticky. 2合1洗发水与护发节省时间，但可留下您的头发的感觉太干或粘性。
Baby shampoos contain amphoterics and have less detergent and are not designed for cleaning adult hair, especially when alot of styling products have been used.婴儿洗发水含有较少amphoterics和洗涤剂，而不是专为成人头发的清洁，尤其是当大量的造型产品已被使用。 They may be appropriate for someone that has damaged hair and who finds standard shampoos too harsh.他们可能是适当的人说，已经损坏的头发，谁认定标准洗发水过于苛刻。
如何使用洗发水
Wet the scalp and hair using warm or cool water (hot water can be drying to the hair and scalp).湿头皮和头发用热烈或冷却水（热水可干燥的头发与头皮） 。 Apply a 5 to 10-cent amount of shampoo to palm and rub hands together to evenly distribute.适用5至10美分数额的洗发水，以棕榈油，用手擦出平均分配。 Apply the shampoo to the scalp.适用于洗发水的头皮上。 Massage gently with your fingertips for about 30 seconds and then rinse thoroughly.按摩与您的指尖轻轻地为大约30秒，然后彻底冲洗。
You only need to lather your hair once under normal conditions.你只需要你的头发一旦泡沫在正常情况下。 Lather is destroyed by sebum so an oily scalp may require a second shampoo.泡沫是破坏皮脂所以油性头皮可能需要第二次洗发水。 Excessive lather is wasteful: it doesn't clean hair any better.过多的泡沫是一种浪费：它不干净的头发更好。 Shampoo should be easy to rinse off, but conditioners, styling products and chemical processes may leave a residue.洗发水应易于冲洗，但是空调，造型产品和化学过程可能会留下残余物。
After rinsing, apply some conditioner in one hand and rub palms together to evenly distribute.经过清洗，适用于一些空调在一方面和摩擦双手合十，以均衡地分配。 Apply conditioner from the middle of the hair shaft down to ends.适用于空调，来自中东的头发骨干到结束。 Avoid the scalp unless scalp is dry.避免头皮除非头皮干燥。 Comb conditioner through hair to distribute product evenly.头发梳空调通过分发产品均匀。 Leave conditioner on hair for a few seconds to help smooth the cuticle.离开空调头发上几秒钟，以帮助顺利角质层。 Rinse thoroughly.彻底冲洗。
Conditioners are designed to counteract the effect of detergents, repair static electricity and split ends.空调旨在抵消影响的洗涤剂，修理静电开叉。 A silicone film smoothes cuticles and reduces friction and hair breakage, and maintains colour.硅胶膜平滑角质层，并减少摩擦和头发断裂，并保持颜色。 Conditioners often contain anionics for softness and manageability.空调通常包含anionics的柔软性和可管理性。
Medicated shampoos药用洗发水
Medicated shampoos may contain salicylic acid to loosen flakes of skin, and selenium sulfide , zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole or ciclopirox to reduce the numbers of Malassezia yeasts on the scalp.药用洗发水可能含有水杨酸放松片的皮肤， 硫化硒 ，锌pyrithione ， 酮康唑或环吡减少的数目马拉酵母菌的头皮上。 They are very helpful in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis .它们是非常有益的头皮屑和seborrhoeic性皮炎 。 They may also help treat scalp psoriasis and atopic dermatitis , but often shampoos containg coal tar are more useful in these conditions.他们还可以帮助治疗头皮银屑病和特应性皮炎 ，但往往是洗发水含煤焦油更有益的这些条件。
Medicated shampoos need to be left on for longer than normal shampoos.药用洗发水需要留在超过正常的洗发水。 Ideally, make the hair wet 10 minutes before your shower/bath.理想的情况下，使头发湿前10分钟的淋浴/浴。 Apply medicated shamoo as above.适用于药shamoo如上。 and massage gently into the scalp.并轻轻按摩到头皮上。 Leave for 10 minutes and rinse off well.离开10分钟，冲洗以及关闭。
You may still use a conditioner afterwards.您仍可以使用空调之后。
Skin problems due to shampoos皮肤问题，由于洗发水
Shampoos can irritate and cause scalp problems.洗发水可以刺激并造成头皮问题。 These are rare with modern products made by reputable manufacturers if they have been designed for sensitive skin and are used appropriately.这是罕见的与现代制造的产品有信誉的生产商，如果他们已经设计用于敏感皮肤，并使用得当。 Overwashing may have the following effects: Overwashing可能有以下影响：
The pH of the skin surface may change: look for pH-balanced shampoos. pH值的皮肤表面可能会改变：寻找pH值平衡的洗发水。
The number and type of bacteria and yeasts on the skin surface may change, resulting in dandruff or seborrhoeic dermatitis .的数量和类型的细菌和酵母菌的皮肤表面可能会改变，从而导致头皮屑或seborrhoeic皮炎 。
The surface oil film ( sebum ) is removed, allowing greater water loss through the epidermis to the skin surface, from where it evaporates.表面油膜（ 皮脂 ）被删除，让更多的水土流失通过表皮的皮肤表面，从那里蒸发。
The de-fatted skin may become excessively dry.去脱脂皮肤可能会变得过于干燥。
The surface horny cells may be loosened, disturbing barrier function and allowing more water loss.表面角质细胞可能放松，令人不安的屏障功能，并允许更多的水损失。 The skin becomes more permeable to chemicals such as hair dye and perming solution.皮肤变得更为容易渗透到化学品，如染发和烫发解决方案。
Dry skin is more prone to infection with Staphylococcus aureus , resulting in impetigo . 干燥的皮肤更容易受到感染的金黄色葡萄球菌 ，导致脓疱疮 。
Irritant contact dermatitis (red, dry, chafed skin) may develop. 刺激性接触性皮炎 （红色，干燥，皮肤恼火）可能发展。 This may be provoked by the dry skin itself, or by a particular surfactant in the shampoo.这可能是所挑起皮肤干燥本身，或由某一特定表面活性剂在洗发水。 Sodium lauryl sulphate is more irritating than sodium laureth sulphate for example.十二烷基硫酸钠是令人厌烦的其中钠laureth硫酸的例子。
Stinging, especially if dermatitis is already present.刺痛，特别是如果性皮炎已经存在。
Contact urticaria (immediate redness, itching and swelling) may arise due to a fragrance or preservative.接触性荨麻疹（立即发红，瘙痒和肿胀）可能产生的原因是香味或防腐剂。
Allergic contact dermatitis (a delayed but persistent reaction) may develop to a component of the shampoo. 过敏性接触性皮炎 （延迟，但持续的反应）可能发展到一个组成部分的洗发水。 Because they are rinsed off, true contact allergy to shampoo is rare.因为他们是冲洗后，真正接触过敏的洗发水是罕见的。 However it may result from:然而，它可能是由于：
Botanicals such as chamomile , lavender and rose oil植物，如甘菊 ，薰衣草和玫瑰油
Preservatives, such as Kathon CG or quaternium-15防腐剂，如凯松协商小组或quaternium - 15
Fragrances 香水
Protein contact dermatitis, a rare mixture of contact urticaria and allergic dermatitis, due to a protein component such as peanut or oatmeal.蛋白质接触性皮炎，这是一种罕见的混合接触性荨麻疹和过敏性皮炎，由于蛋白质的组成部分，如花生或燕麦片。
Ingredients of shampoos成分的洗发水
All shampoos are 80-90% water with 2-8% detergents and foaming agents and about 1% fragrance and preservatives.所有的洗发水是80-90 ％的水2-8 ％洗涤剂和发泡剂和1 ％左右的香水和防腐剂。 Shampoos often contain antistatic and detangling agents as well as thickeners, humectants, sequestering agents, colour and conditioners.洗发水通常包含抗静电和detangling代理人以及增稠剂， humectants ，碳剂，颜色和空调。
Effective detergents include sodium lauryl sulfate, laureth sulfate and sulfosuccinate.有效的洗涤剂包括十二烷基硫酸钠，硫酸和laureth磺酸钠。 They give the hair a squeaky clean feel.他们给头发一做得干干净净的感觉。
Clarifying shampoos contain heavy-duty surfactants.澄清洗发水含有重型表面活性剂。 Body building shampoos contain proteins that bond to hair and increase its volume.班子建设洗发水含有蛋白质，头发和债券，以增加其数量。
Moisturizing shampoos are the best choice for dry, flyaway hair.保湿洗发水是最好的选择，干燥，隔热的头发。 They can cut down on static, make split ends look better (by gluing them together with proteins), and pull moisture onto hair to keep it from getting too dry.他们可以减少静电，使开叉好看（由粘合在一起的蛋白质） ，并把水分到头发保持它太干燥。
Revitalizing or replenishing shampoos are made for color-treated, permed, and damaged hair and contain gentler surfactants.振兴或补充洗发水是彩色处理， permed ，和受损的毛发和含有温和表面活性剂。 They may include ingredients designed to retain colour or to help to repair split ends, but there's little evidence that they are effective.它们可能包括成分设计保留肤色或帮助修复开叉，但几乎没有证据表明，他们是有效的。
2-in-1 shampoos with conditioner save time but may leave your hair feeling too dry or sticky. 2合1洗发水与护发节省时间，但可留下您的头发的感觉太干或粘性。
Baby shampoos contain amphoterics and have less detergent and are not designed for cleaning adult hair, especially when alot of styling products have been used.婴儿洗发水含有较少amphoterics和洗涤剂，而不是专为成人头发的清洁，尤其是当大量的造型产品已被使用。 They may be appropriate for someone that has damaged hair and who finds standard shampoos too harsh.他们可能是适当的人说，已经损坏的头发，谁认定标准洗发水过于苛刻。
如何使用洗发水
Wet the scalp and hair using warm or cool water (hot water can be drying to the hair and scalp).湿头皮和头发用热烈或冷却水（热水可干燥的头发与头皮） 。 Apply a 5 to 10-cent amount of shampoo to palm and rub hands together to evenly distribute.适用5至10美分数额的洗发水，以棕榈油，用手擦出平均分配。 Apply the shampoo to the scalp.适用于洗发水的头皮上。 Massage gently with your fingertips for about 30 seconds and then rinse thoroughly.按摩与您的指尖轻轻地为大约30秒，然后彻底冲洗。
You only need to lather your hair once under normal conditions.你只需要你的头发一旦泡沫在正常情况下。 Lather is destroyed by sebum so an oily scalp may require a second shampoo.泡沫是破坏皮脂所以油性头皮可能需要第二次洗发水。 Excessive lather is wasteful: it doesn't clean hair any better.过多的泡沫是一种浪费：它不干净的头发更好。 Shampoo should be easy to rinse off, but conditioners, styling products and chemical processes may leave a residue.洗发水应易于冲洗，但是空调，造型产品和化学过程可能会留下残余物。
After rinsing, apply some conditioner in one hand and rub palms together to evenly distribute.经过清洗，适用于一些空调在一方面和摩擦双手合十，以均衡地分配。 Apply conditioner from the middle of the hair shaft down to ends.适用于空调，来自中东的头发骨干到结束。 Avoid the scalp unless scalp is dry.避免头皮除非头皮干燥。 Comb conditioner through hair to distribute product evenly.头发梳空调通过分发产品均匀。 Leave conditioner on hair for a few seconds to help smooth the cuticle.离开空调头发上几秒钟，以帮助顺利角质层。 Rinse thoroughly.彻底冲洗。
Conditioners are designed to counteract the effect of detergents, repair static electricity and split ends.空调旨在抵消影响的洗涤剂，修理静电开叉。 A silicone film smoothes cuticles and reduces friction and hair breakage, and maintains colour.硅胶膜平滑角质层，并减少摩擦和头发断裂，并保持颜色。 Conditioners often contain anionics for softness and manageability.空调通常包含anionics的柔软性和可管理性。
Medicated shampoos药用洗发水
Medicated shampoos may contain salicylic acid to loosen flakes of skin, and selenium sulfide , zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole or ciclopirox to reduce the numbers of Malassezia yeasts on the scalp.药用洗发水可能含有水杨酸放松片的皮肤， 硫化硒 ，锌pyrithione ， 酮康唑或环吡减少的数目马拉酵母菌的头皮上。 They are very helpful in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis .它们是非常有益的头皮屑和seborrhoeic性皮炎 。 They may also help treat scalp psoriasis and atopic dermatitis , but often shampoos containg coal tar are more useful in these conditions.他们还可以帮助治疗头皮银屑病和特应性皮炎 ，但往往是洗发水含煤焦油更有益的这些条件。
Medicated shampoos need to be left on for longer than normal shampoos.药用洗发水需要留在超过正常的洗发水。 Ideally, make the hair wet 10 minutes before your shower/bath.理想的情况下，使头发湿前10分钟的淋浴/浴。 Apply medicated shamoo as above.适用于药shamoo如上。 and massage gently into the scalp.并轻轻按摩到头皮上。 Leave for 10 minutes and rinse off well.离开10分钟，冲洗以及关闭。
You may still use a conditioner afterwards.您仍可以使用空调之后。
Skin problems due to shampoos皮肤问题，由于洗发水
Shampoos can irritate and cause scalp problems.洗发水可以刺激并造成头皮问题。 These are rare with modern products made by reputable manufacturers if they have been designed for sensitive skin and are used appropriately.这是罕见的与现代制造的产品有信誉的生产商，如果他们已经设计用于敏感皮肤，并使用得当。 Overwashing may have the following effects: Overwashing可能有以下影响：
The pH of the skin surface may change: look for pH-balanced shampoos. pH值的皮肤表面可能会改变：寻找pH值平衡的洗发水。
The number and type of bacteria and yeasts on the skin surface may change, resulting in dandruff or seborrhoeic dermatitis .的数量和类型的细菌和酵母菌的皮肤表面可能会改变，从而导致头皮屑或seborrhoeic皮炎 。
The surface oil film ( sebum ) is removed, allowing greater water loss through the epidermis to the skin surface, from where it evaporates.表面油膜（ 皮脂 ）被删除，让更多的水土流失通过表皮的皮肤表面，从那里蒸发。
The de-fatted skin may become excessively dry.去脱脂皮肤可能会变得过于干燥。
The surface horny cells may be loosened, disturbing barrier function and allowing more water loss.表面角质细胞可能放松，令人不安的屏障功能，并允许更多的水损失。 The skin becomes more permeable to chemicals such as hair dye and perming solution.皮肤变得更为容易渗透到化学品，如染发和烫发解决方案。
Dry skin is more prone to infection with Staphylococcus aureus , resulting in impetigo . 干燥的皮肤更容易受到感染的金黄色葡萄球菌 ，导致脓疱疮 。
Irritant contact dermatitis (red, dry, chafed skin) may develop. 刺激性接触性皮炎 （红色，干燥，皮肤恼火）可能发展。 This may be provoked by the dry skin itself, or by a particular surfactant in the shampoo.这可能是所挑起皮肤干燥本身，或由某一特定表面活性剂在洗发水。 Sodium lauryl sulphate is more irritating than sodium laureth sulphate for example.十二烷基硫酸钠是令人厌烦的其中钠laureth硫酸的例子。
Stinging, especially if dermatitis is already present.刺痛，特别是如果性皮炎已经存在。
Contact urticaria (immediate redness, itching and swelling) may arise due to a fragrance or preservative.接触性荨麻疹（立即发红，瘙痒和肿胀）可能产生的原因是香味或防腐剂。
Allergic contact dermatitis (a delayed but persistent reaction) may develop to a component of the shampoo. 过敏性接触性皮炎 （延迟，但持续的反应）可能发展到一个组成部分的洗发水。 Because they are rinsed off, true contact allergy to shampoo is rare.因为他们是冲洗后，真正接触过敏的洗发水是罕见的。 However it may result from:然而，它可能是由于：
Botanicals such as chamomile , lavender and rose oil植物，如甘菊 ，薰衣草和玫瑰油
Preservatives, such as Kathon CG or quaternium-15防腐剂，如凯松协商小组或quaternium - 15
Fragrances 香水
Protein contact dermatitis, a rare mixture of contact urticaria and allergic dermatitis, due to a protein component such as peanut or oatmeal.蛋白质接触性皮炎，这是一种罕见的混合接触性荨麻疹和过敏性皮炎，由于蛋白质的组成部分，如花生或燕麦片。
Types of cosmetology
Hair stylist
A hair stylist specializes in the styling of hair, including cutting, chemical services (relaxers, perms, and color as well as restorative treatments)
[edit] Shampoo technician
A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client's hair in preparation for the hair stylist. A shampoo tech may assist with rinsing permanent waves, and shampooing color and chemical relaxers out of the hair after processing. Shampoo techs are normally only employed by corporate or concept salons and large-volume beauty salons that are operated simultaneously. In some states, a shampoo tech must have a cosmetology permit. This is usually a temporary position, held by a person who is newly licensed with little or no experience.
[edit] Manicurist
A manicure is a cosmetic treatment for the fingernails and/or hands. The word "manicure" derives from Latin: manus for hand, cura for "care". When performed on the feet, such a treatment is called a pedicure.
Many manicures start by soaking the hands or feet in a softening substance and the application of lotion. A common type of manicure involves shaping the nails and application of nail polish. A manicure may also include the application of artificial nail tips, acrylics or artificial nail gels. Some manicures can include the painting of pictures or designs on the nails or applying small decals or imitation jewels.
In many areas, manicurists are licensed and follow regulation. Since skin is manipulated and is sometimes trimmed, there is a certain risk of spreading infection when tools are used across many people and therefore sanitation is a serious issue.
[edit] Esthetician
Facials may include the use of a facial mask.
An esthetician specializes in the study of skin care, including facials, microdermabrasion, body wraps (relaxing treatments which involve hot linens, plastic sheets, and blankets), salt glows (an exfoliation treatment), waxing as a form of hair removal, cosmetic make-up services and other services with advanced training. Estheticians may work independently in a spa or salon or may assist a doctor in his or her practice. Working with a doctor an esthetician may perform more advanced services that require a doctor's supervision, such as deep chemical peels. In addition to performing beauty services, an esthetician must be skilled in recommending skin and body care products and retailing them to their clients. Many state board cosmetology schools do not offer training in retailing, but post graduate colleges will offer training in retailing skills.
An esthetician can be licensed solely for that skill. An esthetician is not necessarily licensed in cosmetology, but is typically well versed in knowledge of skin care.
[edit] Beauty therapist
Specializes in all treatments that include, hair removal, massage, body wraps, skin care, eye lash and brow tinting, make up along with machine treatments such as non surgical facelifts and faradic muscle tone. She / he may under go special training to provide specialist treatments such as laser hair removal and electrolysis.
[edit] Nail technician
A nail technician specializes in the art form and care of nails. This includes manicures, pedicures, acrylic nails, gel nails, nail wraps, fake nails, etc. They are also knowledgeable in nail irregularities and diseases, and may be able to identify such problems. They do not treat diseases, and would typically refer a client to a physician.
[edit] Electrologist
An electrologist offers services with the use of an electrolysis machine. As opposed to the hair removal via waxing offered by an esthetician, hair removal via electrolysis is permanent. It has recently been argued that barbers are also cosmetologists who extend the hair stylist speciality with services especially for men, such as shaving.
[edit] Becoming a cosmetologist
Electric face mask, circa 1939
When choosing a school, try to find one flexible of your time. And if you want to know course lengths, don't immediately jump into the school. Meet with some students that go to school there and see if they like it. General cosmetology courses in the United States focus primarily on hairstyling, but also train their students as general beauticians versed in manicures, facials, etc. In a state-licensed beauty school, a certificate course in general cosmetology typically takes approximately one year to complete. Specialized, non-hairstyling courses such as manicure, facials, or makeup art are usually of shorter duration, lasting anywhere from two weeks to six months, although the most prestigious and exclusive beauty schools may offer much longer courses.
In the United States, all states require barbers, cosmetologists, and most other personal appearance workers (with the exception of shampooers) to be licensed; however, qualifications for a license vary by state. Generally, a person must have graduated from a state-licensed barber or cosmetology school and be at least 16 years old. A few states require applicants to pass a physical examination. Some states require graduation from high school, while others require as little as an eighth-grade education. In a few states, the completion of an apprenticeship can substitute for graduation from a school, but very few barbers or cosmetologists learn their skills this way. Applicants for a license usually are required to pass a written test and demonstrate an ability to perform basic barbering or cosmetology services.[2]
In most states, there is a legal distinction between barbers and cosmetologists, with different licensing requirements. These distinctions and requirements vary from state to state. In most states, cosmetology sanitation practices and ethical practices are governed by the state's health department and a Board of Cosmetology. These entities ensure public safety by regulating sanitation products and practices and licensing requirements. Consumer complaints are usually directed to these offices and investigated from there.
Persons interested in practicing cosmetology can graduate from a general cosmetology course and then obtain a license in any of the cosmetology sub-disciplines, or they can choose to study only to become a manicurist or cosmetician. Students may choose a private beauty school or one of the many vocational schools which offer cosmetology courses to high school students. In addition, there are national organizations that provide educational and professional information.
[edit] Income
Most cosmetologists are paid in one of three ways:
Commission: A percentage of the money made from the provision of services is given back to the cosmetologist as pay. Many paid this way are considered self-employed, and are responsible for taxes. The salon will provide overhead expenses such as products, lights, water, etc. Usually a commission is also given on retail products sold.
Booth rental: The cosmetologist rents a space in the salon, for a monthly fee. This type of pay is defined as self-employment and the cosmetologist is responsible for all products used (perms, color etc.) as well as taxes.
Hourly wage: Many corporate and small chains are going in this direction since it promotes a more controlled product by ensuring that employees are responsible for following company standards and policies.
Tips are another source of income. Skilled cosmetologists can often make a considerable portion of their income from tips from customers.
A hair stylist specializes in the styling of hair, including cutting, chemical services (relaxers, perms, and color as well as restorative treatments)
[edit] Shampoo technician
A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client's hair in preparation for the hair stylist. A shampoo tech may assist with rinsing permanent waves, and shampooing color and chemical relaxers out of the hair after processing. Shampoo techs are normally only employed by corporate or concept salons and large-volume beauty salons that are operated simultaneously. In some states, a shampoo tech must have a cosmetology permit. This is usually a temporary position, held by a person who is newly licensed with little or no experience.
[edit] Manicurist
A manicure is a cosmetic treatment for the fingernails and/or hands. The word "manicure" derives from Latin: manus for hand, cura for "care". When performed on the feet, such a treatment is called a pedicure.
Many manicures start by soaking the hands or feet in a softening substance and the application of lotion. A common type of manicure involves shaping the nails and application of nail polish. A manicure may also include the application of artificial nail tips, acrylics or artificial nail gels. Some manicures can include the painting of pictures or designs on the nails or applying small decals or imitation jewels.
In many areas, manicurists are licensed and follow regulation. Since skin is manipulated and is sometimes trimmed, there is a certain risk of spreading infection when tools are used across many people and therefore sanitation is a serious issue.
[edit] Esthetician
Facials may include the use of a facial mask.
An esthetician specializes in the study of skin care, including facials, microdermabrasion, body wraps (relaxing treatments which involve hot linens, plastic sheets, and blankets), salt glows (an exfoliation treatment), waxing as a form of hair removal, cosmetic make-up services and other services with advanced training. Estheticians may work independently in a spa or salon or may assist a doctor in his or her practice. Working with a doctor an esthetician may perform more advanced services that require a doctor's supervision, such as deep chemical peels. In addition to performing beauty services, an esthetician must be skilled in recommending skin and body care products and retailing them to their clients. Many state board cosmetology schools do not offer training in retailing, but post graduate colleges will offer training in retailing skills.
An esthetician can be licensed solely for that skill. An esthetician is not necessarily licensed in cosmetology, but is typically well versed in knowledge of skin care.
[edit] Beauty therapist
Specializes in all treatments that include, hair removal, massage, body wraps, skin care, eye lash and brow tinting, make up along with machine treatments such as non surgical facelifts and faradic muscle tone. She / he may under go special training to provide specialist treatments such as laser hair removal and electrolysis.
[edit] Nail technician
A nail technician specializes in the art form and care of nails. This includes manicures, pedicures, acrylic nails, gel nails, nail wraps, fake nails, etc. They are also knowledgeable in nail irregularities and diseases, and may be able to identify such problems. They do not treat diseases, and would typically refer a client to a physician.
[edit] Electrologist
An electrologist offers services with the use of an electrolysis machine. As opposed to the hair removal via waxing offered by an esthetician, hair removal via electrolysis is permanent. It has recently been argued that barbers are also cosmetologists who extend the hair stylist speciality with services especially for men, such as shaving.
[edit] Becoming a cosmetologist
Electric face mask, circa 1939
When choosing a school, try to find one flexible of your time. And if you want to know course lengths, don't immediately jump into the school. Meet with some students that go to school there and see if they like it. General cosmetology courses in the United States focus primarily on hairstyling, but also train their students as general beauticians versed in manicures, facials, etc. In a state-licensed beauty school, a certificate course in general cosmetology typically takes approximately one year to complete. Specialized, non-hairstyling courses such as manicure, facials, or makeup art are usually of shorter duration, lasting anywhere from two weeks to six months, although the most prestigious and exclusive beauty schools may offer much longer courses.
In the United States, all states require barbers, cosmetologists, and most other personal appearance workers (with the exception of shampooers) to be licensed; however, qualifications for a license vary by state. Generally, a person must have graduated from a state-licensed barber or cosmetology school and be at least 16 years old. A few states require applicants to pass a physical examination. Some states require graduation from high school, while others require as little as an eighth-grade education. In a few states, the completion of an apprenticeship can substitute for graduation from a school, but very few barbers or cosmetologists learn their skills this way. Applicants for a license usually are required to pass a written test and demonstrate an ability to perform basic barbering or cosmetology services.[2]
In most states, there is a legal distinction between barbers and cosmetologists, with different licensing requirements. These distinctions and requirements vary from state to state. In most states, cosmetology sanitation practices and ethical practices are governed by the state's health department and a Board of Cosmetology. These entities ensure public safety by regulating sanitation products and practices and licensing requirements. Consumer complaints are usually directed to these offices and investigated from there.
Persons interested in practicing cosmetology can graduate from a general cosmetology course and then obtain a license in any of the cosmetology sub-disciplines, or they can choose to study only to become a manicurist or cosmetician. Students may choose a private beauty school or one of the many vocational schools which offer cosmetology courses to high school students. In addition, there are national organizations that provide educational and professional information.
[edit] Income
Most cosmetologists are paid in one of three ways:
Commission: A percentage of the money made from the provision of services is given back to the cosmetologist as pay. Many paid this way are considered self-employed, and are responsible for taxes. The salon will provide overhead expenses such as products, lights, water, etc. Usually a commission is also given on retail products sold.
Booth rental: The cosmetologist rents a space in the salon, for a monthly fee. This type of pay is defined as self-employment and the cosmetologist is responsible for all products used (perms, color etc.) as well as taxes.
Hourly wage: Many corporate and small chains are going in this direction since it promotes a more controlled product by ensuring that employees are responsible for following company standards and policies.
Tips are another source of income. Skilled cosmetologists can often make a considerable portion of their income from tips from customers.
2009年3月6日星期五
Why Open Source?开源何故？
All software is written with source code. With open source software, the code is protected by a special license that ensures everyone has access to that code. That means no one company can fully own it. Freedom means choice. Choice means power.
一切软件用源代码编写。借助于开源软件，这种代码就得到一种专门许可证的保护，确保人人都能使用这些代码。这意味着没有一家公司能够完全拥有代码。自由就是选择。选择就是力量。
That's why we believe open source is inevitable. It returns control to the customer. You can see the code, change it, learn from it. Bugs are more quickly found and fixed. And when customers don't like how one vendor is serving them, they can choose another without overhauling their infrastructure. No more technology lock-in. No more monopolies.
那就是为什么我们认为开源是必然的。它把控制归还给客户。您好可以访问代码、改变代码、从中学习。程序错误或缺陷更早发现并修复。当客户不喜欢某家供应商提供服务的方式时，他们可以选择又一家而无需大修基础设施。技术不再套牢。生意不再垄断。
And we believe open source simply creates better software. It multiplies one company's development capacity many times over. Everyone collaborates, the best software wins. Not just within one company, but among an Internet-connected, worldwide community. It's no coincidence that the rise of open source closely followed the rise of the Internet. The perfect breeding ground for collaboration, the Internet moves ideas and code around the world in an instant.
我们相信，开源实在创造了更好的软件。它使一家公司的开发能力翻了几番。人人合作，最佳软件获胜。不仅在一家公司内部，而且为互联网连接的全球社区所分享。这并非巧合，开源的兴起继之互联网兴起而来。互联网是完美的合作滋生地，它把各式各样的想法和代码瞬间传遍世界各地。
As a result, the open source model often builds higher quality, more secure, more easily integrated software. And it does it at a vastly accelerated pace and often at a lower cost.
因此，开源模式常常创建更高质量、更安全、更易于集成的软件。而且开发速度大大加快、成本往往较低。
The open source model is built on the premise that companies like Red Hat must consistently serve customers through extraordinary value, performance, and ease of integration and management. Or they can choose another vendor.
建立开源模型的前提是，诸如Red Hat等公司必须始终如一地通过非凡的价值、性能和易于集成与管理服务于客户。否则，客户可以选择另一家供应商。
In the proprietary model, development occurs within one company. Programmers write code, hide it behind binaries, charge customers to use the software--then charge them more to fix it when it breaks. No one ever has to know how bad the software really is.
按照专有模式，开发是在一家公司内部进行的。程序员编写源代码、用二进制文件隐藏源代码、向软件用户收费——然后在软件崩溃时再收费修复。从来没有人知道软件实际上是怎么坏的。
The problem worsens when you become tied to a company's architecture, protocols, and file formats. Bruce Perens calls this the addiction model of software procurement. Any model that puts customers at such a fundamental disadvantage is conceptually broken.
当您被一家公司的架构、协议和文件格式所束缚的时候，问题就更糟。布鲁斯·佩伦斯把这个说成是软件采购成瘾模型。从概念上说，必须打破把客户置于这样一个根本不利的地位的任何模式。
Open source is not nameless, faceless, and it's not charity. Nor is it solely a community effort. What you see today is a technology revolution driven ever forward by market demand.
开源不是默默无闻、身份不明，也不是慈善事业。开源也不是一个社区单枪匹马的努力。今天看到的是由市场需求不断向前推动的一场技术革命。
The concept behind open source is not new. For centuries, universities and research communities have shared their work. Monks copied books by hand. Scientists publish new discoveries in journals. Mathematical formulas are distributed, improved, redistributed.
开源背后的概念并不新。几个世纪以来，大学和研究团体曾经分享他们的工作。僧侣手抄书籍。科学家在杂志上发表新发现。数学公式散布、改进、再散布。
Imagine if all of this past knowledge was kept hidden or its use was restricted to only those who are willing to pay for it. Yet this is the mentality behind the proprietary software model. In the same way shared knowledge propels the whole of society forward, open technology development can drive innovation for an entire industry.
想像一下，如果所有这些知识过去一直隐藏起来，或者只限于那些愿意付钱的人才可使用。然而，这就是专有软件模式背后人们的心态。同样地，分享知识将推动整个社会的进步，开放的技术发展才能促使整个行业的创新。
一切软件用源代码编写。借助于开源软件，这种代码就得到一种专门许可证的保护，确保人人都能使用这些代码。这意味着没有一家公司能够完全拥有代码。自由就是选择。选择就是力量。
That's why we believe open source is inevitable. It returns control to the customer. You can see the code, change it, learn from it. Bugs are more quickly found and fixed. And when customers don't like how one vendor is serving them, they can choose another without overhauling their infrastructure. No more technology lock-in. No more monopolies.
那就是为什么我们认为开源是必然的。它把控制归还给客户。您好可以访问代码、改变代码、从中学习。程序错误或缺陷更早发现并修复。当客户不喜欢某家供应商提供服务的方式时，他们可以选择又一家而无需大修基础设施。技术不再套牢。生意不再垄断。
And we believe open source simply creates better software. It multiplies one company's development capacity many times over. Everyone collaborates, the best software wins. Not just within one company, but among an Internet-connected, worldwide community. It's no coincidence that the rise of open source closely followed the rise of the Internet. The perfect breeding ground for collaboration, the Internet moves ideas and code around the world in an instant.
我们相信，开源实在创造了更好的软件。它使一家公司的开发能力翻了几番。人人合作，最佳软件获胜。不仅在一家公司内部，而且为互联网连接的全球社区所分享。这并非巧合，开源的兴起继之互联网兴起而来。互联网是完美的合作滋生地，它把各式各样的想法和代码瞬间传遍世界各地。
As a result, the open source model often builds higher quality, more secure, more easily integrated software. And it does it at a vastly accelerated pace and often at a lower cost.
因此，开源模式常常创建更高质量、更安全、更易于集成的软件。而且开发速度大大加快、成本往往较低。
The open source model is built on the premise that companies like Red Hat must consistently serve customers through extraordinary value, performance, and ease of integration and management. Or they can choose another vendor.
建立开源模型的前提是，诸如Red Hat等公司必须始终如一地通过非凡的价值、性能和易于集成与管理服务于客户。否则，客户可以选择另一家供应商。
In the proprietary model, development occurs within one company. Programmers write code, hide it behind binaries, charge customers to use the software--then charge them more to fix it when it breaks. No one ever has to know how bad the software really is.
按照专有模式，开发是在一家公司内部进行的。程序员编写源代码、用二进制文件隐藏源代码、向软件用户收费——然后在软件崩溃时再收费修复。从来没有人知道软件实际上是怎么坏的。
The problem worsens when you become tied to a company's architecture, protocols, and file formats. Bruce Perens calls this the addiction model of software procurement. Any model that puts customers at such a fundamental disadvantage is conceptually broken.
当您被一家公司的架构、协议和文件格式所束缚的时候，问题就更糟。布鲁斯·佩伦斯把这个说成是软件采购成瘾模型。从概念上说，必须打破把客户置于这样一个根本不利的地位的任何模式。
Open source is not nameless, faceless, and it's not charity. Nor is it solely a community effort. What you see today is a technology revolution driven ever forward by market demand.
开源不是默默无闻、身份不明，也不是慈善事业。开源也不是一个社区单枪匹马的努力。今天看到的是由市场需求不断向前推动的一场技术革命。
The concept behind open source is not new. For centuries, universities and research communities have shared their work. Monks copied books by hand. Scientists publish new discoveries in journals. Mathematical formulas are distributed, improved, redistributed.
开源背后的概念并不新。几个世纪以来，大学和研究团体曾经分享他们的工作。僧侣手抄书籍。科学家在杂志上发表新发现。数学公式散布、改进、再散布。
Imagine if all of this past knowledge was kept hidden or its use was restricted to only those who are willing to pay for it. Yet this is the mentality behind the proprietary software model. In the same way shared knowledge propels the whole of society forward, open technology development can drive innovation for an entire industry.
想像一下，如果所有这些知识过去一直隐藏起来，或者只限于那些愿意付钱的人才可使用。然而，这就是专有软件模式背后人们的心态。同样地，分享知识将推动整个社会的进步，开放的技术发展才能促使整个行业的创新。
石油是怎样形成的
Petrol is formed by ancient organisms. The dead bodies of the living beings in the sea sank to the
bottom of the sea. They piled and were separated from the air. Germs decomposing the bodies,
along with the high temperature and pressure, the bodies were decomposed and changed into
petrol and natural gas. 石油是由古代有机物变来的。在漫长的地质年代里，海洋里繁殖了大量的海洋生物，它们死亡后的遗体随着泥沙一起沉到海底，长年累月地一层层堆积起来，跟外界空气隔绝着，经过细菌的分解，以及地层内的高温、高压作用，生物遗体逐渐分解、转化成石油和天然气。实践证明经常访问无忧英语教育网 www.51education.net ,能迅速提高你的英语学习能力!积沙成塔,不断提高!
bottom of the sea. They piled and were separated from the air. Germs decomposing the bodies,
along with the high temperature and pressure, the bodies were decomposed and changed into
petrol and natural gas. 石油是由古代有机物变来的。在漫长的地质年代里，海洋里繁殖了大量的海洋生物，它们死亡后的遗体随着泥沙一起沉到海底，长年累月地一层层堆积起来，跟外界空气隔绝着，经过细菌的分解，以及地层内的高温、高压作用，生物遗体逐渐分解、转化成石油和天然气。实践证明经常访问无忧英语教育网 www.51education.net ,能迅速提高你的英语学习能力!积沙成塔,不断提高!
British Scientists Eye Breakthrough in Lab-grown
英国纽卡素大学（Newcastle University）研究人员从初生婴儿的脐带取得干细胞，成功培育出全球第一个部分人体肝脏，写下医学新页，未来将再发展培育完整人体肝脏，供移植使用。进行这项破天荒人体肝脏培育计划的两位研究人员福拉兹（Dr Nico Forraz）及麦古金（Colin McGuckin），从出生仅数分钟的新生儿脐带血中取得干细胞，在实验室成功培育出只有约一便士硬币大小的迷你肝脏，短期内这项人工培育人体肝脏的技术，将用来进行药品测试，减少动物实验。福拉兹与麦古金两人共同成立ConoStem公司，积极推动干细胞研究工作，五年内他们将把培养的人工肝脏用来修复因受伤、患病及酗酒导致的受损肝脏，预估十五年后可以培植完整的肝脏，可望进行肝脏移植手术。在纽卡素大学教授再生医学的麦古金指出，「我们从脐带血成功培养迷你肝脏，之后将这些迷你肝脏送给制药商，让他们测试新药，如此一来可以减少民众因接受新药测试，不幸死亡的悲剧。」麦古金说，全球每年平均有一亿名婴儿诞生，他们的干细胞组织都不相同，如果能取得他们的干细胞培植各式不同的肝脏，将能为那些没有储存脐带血的肝脏病患带来福音。福拉兹说，「我们最大的梦想是，未来在全世界各主要城市都能有一个肝脏银行，病患只要输入他们的血型等相关资料，我们就能找到可以配对的肝脏。」肝脏专家表示，由于肝脏有专属的供血来源及纤维性骨架，科学家距离培育完整的人体肝脏还有一段长路要走。
LONDON (AFP) - Scientists at an English university have grown a miniature artificial human liver in a major medical breakthrough.
It is hoped mini-livers could be used to test drugs, reducing the need for animal experiments, help repair damaged livers and eventually produce entire organs for lifesaving transplants, the Daily Mail newspaper reported.
The organ, which is about the size of a thumbnail, was grown using stemcells in blood taken from umbilical cords.
Professor Colin McGuckin, who specializes in regenerative medicine, made the breakthrough with Doctor Nico Forraz at Newcastle University in northeast England.
While other scientists have created liver cells, the Newcastle team are the first to create sizeable sections of tissue from stem cells from the umbilical cord, the Daily Mail said.
The pair extracted blood from the umbilical cords of newborn babies. They were then placed in a "bioreactor" developed by NASA, which mimics the effects of weightlessness. This allows the cells to multiply more quickly.
Chemicals and hormones are then added to encourage the stem cells to turn into liver tissue.
"We take the stem cells from the umbilical cord blood and make small mini-livers," said McGuckin. "We then give them to pharmaceutical companies and they can use them to test new drugs on.
"When a drug company is developing a new drug it first tests it on human cells and then tests it on animals before beginning trials on humans," he said.
And he added: "Moving from testing on animals to humans is a massive leap and there is still a risk. But by using the mini-livers we have developed there is no need to test on animals or humans."
They could potentially be used like dialysis machines, buying time for a patient's liver to repair itself or for doctors to find a replacement liver.
Professor Ian Gilmore, a liver specialist at the Royal Liverpool Hospital in northwest England, told the BBC that the Newcastle team had made a "big ethical leap forward" in not requiring embryos to produce tissue.
"It is exciting because there is a real dearth of treatments available for people with liver disease," he said.
It is estimated that up to 10 percent of the British population have liver problems, mostly linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity and alcoholism, the BBC said.
LONDON (AFP) - Scientists at an English university have grown a miniature artificial human liver in a major medical breakthrough.
It is hoped mini-livers could be used to test drugs, reducing the need for animal experiments, help repair damaged livers and eventually produce entire organs for lifesaving transplants, the Daily Mail newspaper reported.
The organ, which is about the size of a thumbnail, was grown using stemcells in blood taken from umbilical cords.
Professor Colin McGuckin, who specializes in regenerative medicine, made the breakthrough with Doctor Nico Forraz at Newcastle University in northeast England.
While other scientists have created liver cells, the Newcastle team are the first to create sizeable sections of tissue from stem cells from the umbilical cord, the Daily Mail said.
The pair extracted blood from the umbilical cords of newborn babies. They were then placed in a "bioreactor" developed by NASA, which mimics the effects of weightlessness. This allows the cells to multiply more quickly.
Chemicals and hormones are then added to encourage the stem cells to turn into liver tissue.
"We take the stem cells from the umbilical cord blood and make small mini-livers," said McGuckin. "We then give them to pharmaceutical companies and they can use them to test new drugs on.
"When a drug company is developing a new drug it first tests it on human cells and then tests it on animals before beginning trials on humans," he said.
And he added: "Moving from testing on animals to humans is a massive leap and there is still a risk. But by using the mini-livers we have developed there is no need to test on animals or humans."
They could potentially be used like dialysis machines, buying time for a patient's liver to repair itself or for doctors to find a replacement liver.
Professor Ian Gilmore, a liver specialist at the Royal Liverpool Hospital in northwest England, told the BBC that the Newcastle team had made a "big ethical leap forward" in not requiring embryos to produce tissue.
"It is exciting because there is a real dearth of treatments available for people with liver disease," he said.
It is estimated that up to 10 percent of the British population have liver problems, mostly linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity and alcoholism, the BBC said.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS: Are They Safe?
genetically engineered traits will lose their ability to protect against insects and invasive weeds, leaving GM plants suddenly vulnerable?
野外生物要付出什么代价？
At What Cost to Wildlife?
1998年瑞士的一份研究报告激起了广泛的疑虑，大家担心Bt作物可能会在无意中伤害运气不好的生物。研究是在实验室中进行的，科学家以玉米螟幼虫喂食蚜狮幼虫，发现吃Bt玉米长大的玉米螟会使蚜狮死亡，而普通玉米则否。一年之后，美国康乃尔大学的昆虫学者洛西等人提出报告，他们以沾有Bt玉米花粉粒的马利筋叶喂食大桦斑蝶幼虫，结果那些幼虫都死了。疑惧之火再度燃起。 “这是压垮骆驼的那根稻草。”康乃尔另一位昆虫学者皮门特尔说。一时之间，所有的目光都集中在那些大口嚼食基改作物叶片、小口品尝基改花粉的生物，或在基改作物下的土壤中蠕动的生物──牠们是维持植物族群恒定的重要角色。2000年8月，另一个关于大桦斑蝶的研究，也发出了警讯。 然而，实验室可不比农田，许多科学家怀疑这些先期实验有何用处。他们指出，昆虫在实验室里摄取的Bt毒素，远超过牠们在外面的真实世界所摄取的量。因此研究人员亲下田野，到栽种基因改造作物的玉米田里测量花粉中的毒素，估计有多少毒素会飘落到马利筋之类的植物上，最后还需确定蛾、蝶幼虫的毒素接触量。大部分调查已经在2000年的生长季里完成，随后会向环保署提出报告。 不过当局透露，针对两种最常见Bt玉米（由诺瓦蒂斯与孟山都两家公司出品）的初步调查结果显示，大桦斑蝶幼虫的确会在马利筋叶片上接触到Bt玉米花粉粒，但花粉数量很少，所以不至于有毒性。然而，有毒的是什么？环保署估计，即使马利筋叶片上每平方公分有高达150颗的玉米花粉，昆虫食用后也没有明显的危害。最近在美国马里兰州、内布拉斯加州和加拿大安大略省的玉米田所作的研究发现，不管在田里或附近，马利筋叶片上的玉米花粉粒更少，每平方公分只有6~78颗。环保署Bt作物环境评估小组的负责人卫图吉斯总结道：“现有证据意味着，田野里的Bt玉米花粉不会威胁大桦斑蝶幼虫的生存。” 但是事情还未尘埃落定。“证据根本就不够，”环保科学家协会的瑞斯乐指出，“基改作物对非目标生物的影响这个问题根本就是个黑洞，环保署目前握有的数据太少，根本无法判断大桦斑蝶的问题是否严重，更遑论长期的评估。” 2000年秋天，在环保署的一个基因改造作物会议中，卫图吉斯承认他们缺乏Bt作物和昆虫族群的长期研究资料。他评论道：“这需要更多的时间，因为Bt作物问世至今才不过几年呢！”他补充说，环保署会继续搜集数据，但是目前还没有证据显示这类农作物会对野外的昆虫造成“意想不到的恶果”。
In 1998 a swiss study provoked widespread worry that Bt plants can inadvertently harm unlucky creatures. In this laboratory experiment, green lacewing caterpillars proved more likely to die after eating European corn-borer caterpillars that had fed on Bt corn instead of regular corn. The flames of fear erupted again a year later, when Cornell University entomologist John Losey and his colleagues reported that they had fed milkweed leaves dusted with Bt corn pollen to monarch butterfly larvae in the lab and that those larvae, too, had died. “That was the straw that broke the camel's back,” says David Pimentel, also an entomologist at Cornell. Suddenly, all eyes turned to the organisms munching GM plant leaves, nipping modified pollen or wriggling around in the soil below the plants－organisms that play vital roles in sustaining plant populations. Another alarming study relating to monarch butterflies appeared last August. But the lab bench is not a farm field, and many scientists question the usefulness of these early experiments. The lab insects, they note, consumed far higher doses of Bt toxin than they would outside, in the real world. So researchers have headed into nature themselves, measuring the toxin in pollen from plots of GM corn, estimating how much of it drifts onto plants such as milkweed and, finally, determining the exposure of butterfly and moth larvae to the protein. Much of that work, done during the 2000 growing season, is slated to be reported to the EPA shortly. According to the agency, however, preliminary studies evaluating the two most common Bt corn plants (from Novartis and Monsanto) already indicate that monarch larvae encounter Bt corn pollen on milkweed plants－but at levels too low to be toxic. What is toxic? The EPA estimates that the insects face no observable harm when consuming milkweed leaves laden with up to 150 corn pollen grains per square centimeter of leaf surface. Recent studies of milkweed plants in and around the cornfields of Maryland, Nebraska and Ontario report far lower levels of Bt pollen, ranging from just six to 78 grains of Bt corn pollen per square centimeter of milkweed leaf surface. “The weight of the evidence suggests Bt corn pollen in the field does not pose a hazard to monarch larvae,” concludes EPA scientist Zigfridas Vaituzis, who heads the agency's team studying the ecological effects of Bt crops. But the jury is still out. “There's not much evidence to weigh,” notes Jane Rissler of the Union of Concerned Scientists. “This issue of nontarget effects is just a black hole, and EPA has very little good data at this point to conclude whether the monarch butterfly problem is real, particularly in the long term.” In an EPA meeting on GM crops last fall, Vaituzis acknowledged the lack of long-term data on Bt crops and insect populations. Such studies “require more time than has been available since the registration of Bt crops,” Vaituzis remarked. The EPA, he added, continues to collect Bt crop data－but so far without evidence of “unreasonable adverse effects” on insects in the field.
我们会创造超级杂草吗？
Seeding Superweeds?
担心基因从基改植物流入其他植物，是围绕着基改作物的另一类忧虑。不知情的昆虫，或者来得不是时候的一阵风，都可能将基改作物的花粉带到它们的野草亲戚身上，使之受精。一旦如此，获得新基因的植物可能挣脱原有的生态阶层，变成“超级野草”，不惧原本的天敌或农药。科学家已经不再怀疑这样的基因流通是否可能发生。康乃尔大学的生态学者包尔说：“很多案例显示，基因流通终将发生。现在的问题则是：基因流通的后果是什么？” 到目前为止，还没有科学研究发现基改作物导致超级野草的出现。2001年2月《自然》杂志上有篇报告指出，在一个长达十年的研究里，英格兰栽种的基改马铃薯、甜菜、玉米或油菜，都没发现像野草那样能使近亲种受精的情形。然而令人忧心的耳语已经出现，尤其是加拿大农人，他们说基改油菜已经溜出农田，如野草般侵入小麦田。这种油菜也可以抵抗农药。 包尔研究的是抗病毒基改作物的基因流通，他的发现让人心生警惕。现在抗病毒基改作物只占基改作物版图的一小块，但将来可能会更普遍，特别是在开发中国家。包尔正在调查小麦、大麦和燕麦等谷类作物的基因流通，它们都植入了抵抗“大麦黄矮病毒”的基因，此种病毒会侵犯约100种草类植物。这些基因改造谷物预估可在十年内上市。 包尔在实验室所作的研究显示，野生燕麦（燕麦的野草亲戚）可以“攫取”抗大麦黄矮病毒的基因。她说，这种情形如果发生在野外，获得抗病毒基因的野生燕麦便可能以燎原之势席卷美国西部，将其他原生草类逼得走投无路。包尔警告说，每一种基改作物都有其独特的环境性格，独特的风险。 在美国，至少还有生物地理的屏障，Bt作物不太可能将植入的基因传播给野草，因为美国的基改作物多半种在没有近亲的地区。大多数植物要相互授粉，彼此之间必须有些共通之处，例如相同的染色体数目、相同的生命周期或适合的栖地。美国的“没有近亲”法则的唯一例外，是夏威夷和弗罗里达州南部的野生棉花，它们和基改棉花相似得离奇，所以可以接受基改棉花的花粉。为了区隔野生物种与生技物种，美国环保署已要求生产商不得在弗州60号州际公路以南或夏威夷出售基改棉花。 而在北美以外的地区想避免超级野草的产生，恐怕就难了，因为在这些地区，农作物的野草亲戚颇为常见。举例来说，野生棉花已经蔓延过弗罗里达群岛，横越墨西哥湾进入墨西哥；在南美洲的玉米田周围，长着它们的野生亲戚，蜀黍。这两种植物都很容易接受它们基改亲戚的花粉。事实上科学家认为，在许多国家，基改作物最后都可能栽种在它们的原始物种附近，它们共享的，可不只是头顶上的阳光，还有祖传的基因呢。“几乎每种农作物，在地球的某个角落都有野草亲戚。”植物生理学者杜克说，“你要怎么防止基改作物出现在不该出现的地方？”他在美国农业部领导一个研究团队，驻在密西西比大学牛津校区。
Worries about the flow of genes from the original plant to others also surround GM crops. Unwitting insects or the right wind might carry GM crop pollen to weedy plant relatives, fertilizing them. And if that happens, the newly endowed plants could break ecological rank, becoming “superweeds” that are unusually resistant to eradication by natural predators or pesticides. Scientists have stopped asking if such gene flow is possible. “In many cases,” says Cornell ecologist Allison Power, “we know gene flow will occur. The question now is, What will the consequences be?” So far no scientific studies have found evidence of GM crops causing superweeds, and a 10-year study reported in Nature in February found no weedlike behavior by GM potatoes, beets, corn or canola planted in England. But worrisome anecdotes have appeared. Canadian farmers, in particular, have described GM canola escaping from farm fields and invading wheat crops like a weed. This canola also resisted pesticide sprays. Power's studies of gene flow from virus-resistant GM plants give further reason for precaution. For now, virus-resistant crops stake a small share of the GM landscape, but they are likely to become more prevalent, particularly in the developing world. Power investigates gene flow in cultivated grain crops－ wheat, barley and oats－engineered to contain genes that make the plants resistant to the barley yellow dwarf virus (which damages some 100 grass species). These GM grain crops could be on the market within the next decade. Power's work, carried out in the laboratory, indicates that wild oats－a weedy relative of cultivated oats－can “catch” the genes conferring resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus. If that happened in the field, she says, wild oats might run amok in the western U.S., outcompeting native grasses with kudzu-like intensity. Every GM crop, Power cautions, brings its own environmental personality and its own risks. In the U.S., at least, landscape logistics make it rather unlikely that herbicide-tolerant or Bt crops will spread their biotech genes to weeds. That's because the GM crops sown in this country have no close relatives in the regions where they grow; most plants can pollinate others only if the recipients and the donors have certain features in common, such as the same chromosome number, life cycle or preferred habitat. A known exception to the “no relatives” rule in the U.S. is wild cotton growing in Hawaii and southern Florida, which, by virtue of its unusual similarity to GM cotton, can accept the GM pollen. To separate the wild and biotech plants from each other, the EPA has ordered companies not to sell GM cotton south of Florida's Interstate 60 or in Hawaii. But it may prove harder to avoid creating superweeds outside North America, where weedy relatives of cultivated crops are common. Wild cotton, for instance, creeps past the Florida Keys, across the Gulf of Mexico and into Mexico. In South America, a weedy corn relative, teosinte, dresses the edges of domesticated cornfields. Either plant would readily accept the pollen from a GM relative. Indeed, scientists say, GM crops in many countries could end up growing near their ancestral plants－and sharing more than the sunshine overhead. “Almost every crop has weedy relatives somewhere in the world,” says Stephen Duke, a USDA plant physiologist in Oxford, Miss. “How do you keep GM crops out of places where they're not supposed to be?”
设立收容所
Taking Refuge
最后，不管基改作物种在什么地方，永远有个风险尾随，那就是演化。定期喷洒的农药，只要时间一久，害虫和杂草都会产生抗药性。在生技时代，这势必一样会发生：最后，昆虫可以不为所动，津津有味嚼着基改抗虫植物；耐除草剂作物周围的杂草，也会对农人选用的除草剂视若无物。“农业，是农作物保护之道与病虫害两者间的演化军备竞赛。”爱荷华州立大学的植物学者温德尔评论道，“而基改作物只是我们想要战胜虫害的另一种尝试！即使只是短暂的。” 为使除草剂能有效对付杂草，孟山都等公司要求农人以负责任的态度使用农药，只在必要时才喷洒。为了延缓昆虫对Bt毒素产生抗药性，环保署规定，种植Bt作物的人必须挪出部分农地种植传统作物。举例来说，这些“收容所”可以种在Bt作物栽植区外的某个角落，也可以种成一排，把Bt作物一分为二。在收容所里，已经具备一点抗Bt毒性的昆虫与没有抵抗力的个体交配繁殖，就会稀释抗毒能力。根据孟山都的说法，Bt作物的商业栽植已经五年了，还没有发现能抗Bt毒性的昆虫。这家公司声称，种植Bt玉米和棉花的农人，约有90%遵守规定设立收容所。 但是，有些环保人士怀疑情况是否真的这么乐观，他们认为，那些非Bt作物收容所不是种植面积太小，就是设计太差，要期望昆虫长期不产生抵抗力，实在很难。纽约市非营利组织“捍卫环境”的资深科学家戈德伯格说：“2000年秋天的环保署会议中，科学家似乎都同意应设置更大更好的收容所，但是棉花农绝对不会同意。”更广泛的说，戈德伯格质疑基改作物究竟能为环境带来什么好处？她说：“不管要经过多少年，我们终会失去Bt这个对抗虫害的利器，然后必须寻找另一种化学武器。不少人把这一代生技作物当成某种新玩意儿，而非农业上的实质进展。”她支持比较持久的方案，包括仔细规划作物轮耕与有机农耕法，而非一味喷洒农药或改造作物基因。 抗病毒的基改作物还未成为大众关切的焦点，但它们跟其他基改作物一样会带来类似的风险。有些科学家担心，病毒会从抗病毒基改作物那里得到抗药性，演化成难以对付的品种，危害更多植物。有些批评者也质疑新兴基改作物对生态的冲击，特别是具有抗旱、耐盐、高营养成分等特性的作物。例如说，“环保科学家协会”的梅隆指出，耐盐稻米一旦落到湿地上，可能会像野草般蔓延，破坏脆弱的湿地生态系。 “如果说每一种基改作物都会变成问题，其实是不公平的。”瑞斯乐说，“但我们现在仍须花心思研究那些风险，免得以后得收拾残局。” 不过有些农人仍旧充满信心，他们认为基改技术为农业带来新生，造福多过闯祸。住在密苏里州格兰帕斯的乌特劳特，30年来在密苏里河畔经营了1400公顷的农地。2000年起，他首度在所有田地只种植耐除草剂的玉米和大豆，而且用免耕法耕作以保护土壤。结果，他声称喷洒农药的次数少了一半，产量却比往常多。他说：“如果态度最强硬的环保人士能看到我的耕作方式，我想他们就会了解基改作物的好处。我可是这个技术的狂热拥护者！”现在他必须等待，看看科学是否能证实他的信念。
Finally, one risk follows GM crops wherever they're planted: evolution. Over time, insect pests and weeds can become resistant to killing by routine chemical sprays. The same is bound to happen in the biotech age: eventually, impervious insects will munch away on GM insect-resistant plants, and the weeds surrounding herbicide-tolerant crops will shrug off the herbicide of choice. “Agriculture is an evolutionary arms race between plant protections and pests,” comments botanist Jonathan Wendel of Iowa State University. “And GM crops are just one more way that we're trying to outsmart pests－temporarily.” To keep weeds vulnerable to herbicides, Monsanto and other companies urge growers to use the sprays responsibly, only when necessary. To slow insect resistance to the Bt toxin, the EPA requires Bt crop growers to set
野外生物要付出什么代价？
At What Cost to Wildlife?
1998年瑞士的一份研究报告激起了广泛的疑虑，大家担心Bt作物可能会在无意中伤害运气不好的生物。研究是在实验室中进行的，科学家以玉米螟幼虫喂食蚜狮幼虫，发现吃Bt玉米长大的玉米螟会使蚜狮死亡，而普通玉米则否。一年之后，美国康乃尔大学的昆虫学者洛西等人提出报告，他们以沾有Bt玉米花粉粒的马利筋叶喂食大桦斑蝶幼虫，结果那些幼虫都死了。疑惧之火再度燃起。 “这是压垮骆驼的那根稻草。”康乃尔另一位昆虫学者皮门特尔说。一时之间，所有的目光都集中在那些大口嚼食基改作物叶片、小口品尝基改花粉的生物，或在基改作物下的土壤中蠕动的生物──牠们是维持植物族群恒定的重要角色。2000年8月，另一个关于大桦斑蝶的研究，也发出了警讯。 然而，实验室可不比农田，许多科学家怀疑这些先期实验有何用处。他们指出，昆虫在实验室里摄取的Bt毒素，远超过牠们在外面的真实世界所摄取的量。因此研究人员亲下田野，到栽种基因改造作物的玉米田里测量花粉中的毒素，估计有多少毒素会飘落到马利筋之类的植物上，最后还需确定蛾、蝶幼虫的毒素接触量。大部分调查已经在2000年的生长季里完成，随后会向环保署提出报告。 不过当局透露，针对两种最常见Bt玉米（由诺瓦蒂斯与孟山都两家公司出品）的初步调查结果显示，大桦斑蝶幼虫的确会在马利筋叶片上接触到Bt玉米花粉粒，但花粉数量很少，所以不至于有毒性。然而，有毒的是什么？环保署估计，即使马利筋叶片上每平方公分有高达150颗的玉米花粉，昆虫食用后也没有明显的危害。最近在美国马里兰州、内布拉斯加州和加拿大安大略省的玉米田所作的研究发现，不管在田里或附近，马利筋叶片上的玉米花粉粒更少，每平方公分只有6~78颗。环保署Bt作物环境评估小组的负责人卫图吉斯总结道：“现有证据意味着，田野里的Bt玉米花粉不会威胁大桦斑蝶幼虫的生存。” 但是事情还未尘埃落定。“证据根本就不够，”环保科学家协会的瑞斯乐指出，“基改作物对非目标生物的影响这个问题根本就是个黑洞，环保署目前握有的数据太少，根本无法判断大桦斑蝶的问题是否严重，更遑论长期的评估。” 2000年秋天，在环保署的一个基因改造作物会议中，卫图吉斯承认他们缺乏Bt作物和昆虫族群的长期研究资料。他评论道：“这需要更多的时间，因为Bt作物问世至今才不过几年呢！”他补充说，环保署会继续搜集数据，但是目前还没有证据显示这类农作物会对野外的昆虫造成“意想不到的恶果”。
In 1998 a swiss study provoked widespread worry that Bt plants can inadvertently harm unlucky creatures. In this laboratory experiment, green lacewing caterpillars proved more likely to die after eating European corn-borer caterpillars that had fed on Bt corn instead of regular corn. The flames of fear erupted again a year later, when Cornell University entomologist John Losey and his colleagues reported that they had fed milkweed leaves dusted with Bt corn pollen to monarch butterfly larvae in the lab and that those larvae, too, had died. “That was the straw that broke the camel's back,” says David Pimentel, also an entomologist at Cornell. Suddenly, all eyes turned to the organisms munching GM plant leaves, nipping modified pollen or wriggling around in the soil below the plants－organisms that play vital roles in sustaining plant populations. Another alarming study relating to monarch butterflies appeared last August. But the lab bench is not a farm field, and many scientists question the usefulness of these early experiments. The lab insects, they note, consumed far higher doses of Bt toxin than they would outside, in the real world. So researchers have headed into nature themselves, measuring the toxin in pollen from plots of GM corn, estimating how much of it drifts onto plants such as milkweed and, finally, determining the exposure of butterfly and moth larvae to the protein. Much of that work, done during the 2000 growing season, is slated to be reported to the EPA shortly. According to the agency, however, preliminary studies evaluating the two most common Bt corn plants (from Novartis and Monsanto) already indicate that monarch larvae encounter Bt corn pollen on milkweed plants－but at levels too low to be toxic. What is toxic? The EPA estimates that the insects face no observable harm when consuming milkweed leaves laden with up to 150 corn pollen grains per square centimeter of leaf surface. Recent studies of milkweed plants in and around the cornfields of Maryland, Nebraska and Ontario report far lower levels of Bt pollen, ranging from just six to 78 grains of Bt corn pollen per square centimeter of milkweed leaf surface. “The weight of the evidence suggests Bt corn pollen in the field does not pose a hazard to monarch larvae,” concludes EPA scientist Zigfridas Vaituzis, who heads the agency's team studying the ecological effects of Bt crops. But the jury is still out. “There's not much evidence to weigh,” notes Jane Rissler of the Union of Concerned Scientists. “This issue of nontarget effects is just a black hole, and EPA has very little good data at this point to conclude whether the monarch butterfly problem is real, particularly in the long term.” In an EPA meeting on GM crops last fall, Vaituzis acknowledged the lack of long-term data on Bt crops and insect populations. Such studies “require more time than has been available since the registration of Bt crops,” Vaituzis remarked. The EPA, he added, continues to collect Bt crop data－but so far without evidence of “unreasonable adverse effects” on insects in the field.
我们会创造超级杂草吗？
Seeding Superweeds?
担心基因从基改植物流入其他植物，是围绕着基改作物的另一类忧虑。不知情的昆虫，或者来得不是时候的一阵风，都可能将基改作物的花粉带到它们的野草亲戚身上，使之受精。一旦如此，获得新基因的植物可能挣脱原有的生态阶层，变成“超级野草”，不惧原本的天敌或农药。科学家已经不再怀疑这样的基因流通是否可能发生。康乃尔大学的生态学者包尔说：“很多案例显示，基因流通终将发生。现在的问题则是：基因流通的后果是什么？” 到目前为止，还没有科学研究发现基改作物导致超级野草的出现。2001年2月《自然》杂志上有篇报告指出，在一个长达十年的研究里，英格兰栽种的基改马铃薯、甜菜、玉米或油菜，都没发现像野草那样能使近亲种受精的情形。然而令人忧心的耳语已经出现，尤其是加拿大农人，他们说基改油菜已经溜出农田，如野草般侵入小麦田。这种油菜也可以抵抗农药。 包尔研究的是抗病毒基改作物的基因流通，他的发现让人心生警惕。现在抗病毒基改作物只占基改作物版图的一小块，但将来可能会更普遍，特别是在开发中国家。包尔正在调查小麦、大麦和燕麦等谷类作物的基因流通，它们都植入了抵抗“大麦黄矮病毒”的基因，此种病毒会侵犯约100种草类植物。这些基因改造谷物预估可在十年内上市。 包尔在实验室所作的研究显示，野生燕麦（燕麦的野草亲戚）可以“攫取”抗大麦黄矮病毒的基因。她说，这种情形如果发生在野外，获得抗病毒基因的野生燕麦便可能以燎原之势席卷美国西部，将其他原生草类逼得走投无路。包尔警告说，每一种基改作物都有其独特的环境性格，独特的风险。 在美国，至少还有生物地理的屏障，Bt作物不太可能将植入的基因传播给野草，因为美国的基改作物多半种在没有近亲的地区。大多数植物要相互授粉，彼此之间必须有些共通之处，例如相同的染色体数目、相同的生命周期或适合的栖地。美国的“没有近亲”法则的唯一例外，是夏威夷和弗罗里达州南部的野生棉花，它们和基改棉花相似得离奇，所以可以接受基改棉花的花粉。为了区隔野生物种与生技物种，美国环保署已要求生产商不得在弗州60号州际公路以南或夏威夷出售基改棉花。 而在北美以外的地区想避免超级野草的产生，恐怕就难了，因为在这些地区，农作物的野草亲戚颇为常见。举例来说，野生棉花已经蔓延过弗罗里达群岛，横越墨西哥湾进入墨西哥；在南美洲的玉米田周围，长着它们的野生亲戚，蜀黍。这两种植物都很容易接受它们基改亲戚的花粉。事实上科学家认为，在许多国家，基改作物最后都可能栽种在它们的原始物种附近，它们共享的，可不只是头顶上的阳光，还有祖传的基因呢。“几乎每种农作物，在地球的某个角落都有野草亲戚。”植物生理学者杜克说，“你要怎么防止基改作物出现在不该出现的地方？”他在美国农业部领导一个研究团队，驻在密西西比大学牛津校区。
Worries about the flow of genes from the original plant to others also surround GM crops. Unwitting insects or the right wind might carry GM crop pollen to weedy plant relatives, fertilizing them. And if that happens, the newly endowed plants could break ecological rank, becoming “superweeds” that are unusually resistant to eradication by natural predators or pesticides. Scientists have stopped asking if such gene flow is possible. “In many cases,” says Cornell ecologist Allison Power, “we know gene flow will occur. The question now is, What will the consequences be?” So far no scientific studies have found evidence of GM crops causing superweeds, and a 10-year study reported in Nature in February found no weedlike behavior by GM potatoes, beets, corn or canola planted in England. But worrisome anecdotes have appeared. Canadian farmers, in particular, have described GM canola escaping from farm fields and invading wheat crops like a weed. This canola also resisted pesticide sprays. Power's studies of gene flow from virus-resistant GM plants give further reason for precaution. For now, virus-resistant crops stake a small share of the GM landscape, but they are likely to become more prevalent, particularly in the developing world. Power investigates gene flow in cultivated grain crops－ wheat, barley and oats－engineered to contain genes that make the plants resistant to the barley yellow dwarf virus (which damages some 100 grass species). These GM grain crops could be on the market within the next decade. Power's work, carried out in the laboratory, indicates that wild oats－a weedy relative of cultivated oats－can “catch” the genes conferring resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus. If that happened in the field, she says, wild oats might run amok in the western U.S., outcompeting native grasses with kudzu-like intensity. Every GM crop, Power cautions, brings its own environmental personality and its own risks. In the U.S., at least, landscape logistics make it rather unlikely that herbicide-tolerant or Bt crops will spread their biotech genes to weeds. That's because the GM crops sown in this country have no close relatives in the regions where they grow; most plants can pollinate others only if the recipients and the donors have certain features in common, such as the same chromosome number, life cycle or preferred habitat. A known exception to the “no relatives” rule in the U.S. is wild cotton growing in Hawaii and southern Florida, which, by virtue of its unusual similarity to GM cotton, can accept the GM pollen. To separate the wild and biotech plants from each other, the EPA has ordered companies not to sell GM cotton south of Florida's Interstate 60 or in Hawaii. But it may prove harder to avoid creating superweeds outside North America, where weedy relatives of cultivated crops are common. Wild cotton, for instance, creeps past the Florida Keys, across the Gulf of Mexico and into Mexico. In South America, a weedy corn relative, teosinte, dresses the edges of domesticated cornfields. Either plant would readily accept the pollen from a GM relative. Indeed, scientists say, GM crops in many countries could end up growing near their ancestral plants－and sharing more than the sunshine overhead. “Almost every crop has weedy relatives somewhere in the world,” says Stephen Duke, a USDA plant physiologist in Oxford, Miss. “How do you keep GM crops out of places where they're not supposed to be?”
设立收容所
Taking Refuge
最后，不管基改作物种在什么地方，永远有个风险尾随，那就是演化。定期喷洒的农药，只要时间一久，害虫和杂草都会产生抗药性。在生技时代，这势必一样会发生：最后，昆虫可以不为所动，津津有味嚼着基改抗虫植物；耐除草剂作物周围的杂草，也会对农人选用的除草剂视若无物。“农业，是农作物保护之道与病虫害两者间的演化军备竞赛。”爱荷华州立大学的植物学者温德尔评论道，“而基改作物只是我们想要战胜虫害的另一种尝试！即使只是短暂的。” 为使除草剂能有效对付杂草，孟山都等公司要求农人以负责任的态度使用农药，只在必要时才喷洒。为了延缓昆虫对Bt毒素产生抗药性，环保署规定，种植Bt作物的人必须挪出部分农地种植传统作物。举例来说，这些“收容所”可以种在Bt作物栽植区外的某个角落，也可以种成一排，把Bt作物一分为二。在收容所里，已经具备一点抗Bt毒性的昆虫与没有抵抗力的个体交配繁殖，就会稀释抗毒能力。根据孟山都的说法，Bt作物的商业栽植已经五年了，还没有发现能抗Bt毒性的昆虫。这家公司声称，种植Bt玉米和棉花的农人，约有90%遵守规定设立收容所。 但是，有些环保人士怀疑情况是否真的这么乐观，他们认为，那些非Bt作物收容所不是种植面积太小，就是设计太差，要期望昆虫长期不产生抵抗力，实在很难。纽约市非营利组织“捍卫环境”的资深科学家戈德伯格说：“2000年秋天的环保署会议中，科学家似乎都同意应设置更大更好的收容所，但是棉花农绝对不会同意。”更广泛的说，戈德伯格质疑基改作物究竟能为环境带来什么好处？她说：“不管要经过多少年，我们终会失去Bt这个对抗虫害的利器，然后必须寻找另一种化学武器。不少人把这一代生技作物当成某种新玩意儿，而非农业上的实质进展。”她支持比较持久的方案，包括仔细规划作物轮耕与有机农耕法，而非一味喷洒农药或改造作物基因。 抗病毒的基改作物还未成为大众关切的焦点，但它们跟其他基改作物一样会带来类似的风险。有些科学家担心，病毒会从抗病毒基改作物那里得到抗药性，演化成难以对付的品种，危害更多植物。有些批评者也质疑新兴基改作物对生态的冲击，特别是具有抗旱、耐盐、高营养成分等特性的作物。例如说，“环保科学家协会”的梅隆指出，耐盐稻米一旦落到湿地上，可能会像野草般蔓延，破坏脆弱的湿地生态系。 “如果说每一种基改作物都会变成问题，其实是不公平的。”瑞斯乐说，“但我们现在仍须花心思研究那些风险，免得以后得收拾残局。” 不过有些农人仍旧充满信心，他们认为基改技术为农业带来新生，造福多过闯祸。住在密苏里州格兰帕斯的乌特劳特，30年来在密苏里河畔经营了1400公顷的农地。2000年起，他首度在所有田地只种植耐除草剂的玉米和大豆，而且用免耕法耕作以保护土壤。结果，他声称喷洒农药的次数少了一半，产量却比往常多。他说：“如果态度最强硬的环保人士能看到我的耕作方式，我想他们就会了解基改作物的好处。我可是这个技术的狂热拥护者！”现在他必须等待，看看科学是否能证实他的信念。
Finally, one risk follows GM crops wherever they're planted: evolution. Over time, insect pests and weeds can become resistant to killing by routine chemical sprays. The same is bound to happen in the biotech age: eventually, impervious insects will munch away on GM insect-resistant plants, and the weeds surrounding herbicide-tolerant crops will shrug off the herbicide of choice. “Agriculture is an evolutionary arms race between plant protections and pests,” comments botanist Jonathan Wendel of Iowa State University. “And GM crops are just one more way that we're trying to outsmart pests－temporarily.” To keep weeds vulnerable to herbicides, Monsanto and other companies urge growers to use the sprays responsibly, only when necessary. To slow insect resistance to the Bt toxin, the EPA requires Bt crop growers to set
Folding Paper in Half 12 Times
Britney Gallivan has solved the Paper Folding Problem. This well known challenge was to fold paper in half more than seven or eight times, using paper of any size or shape.
In April of 2005 Britney's accomplishment was mentioned on the prime time CBS television show Numb3rs.
The task was commonly known to be impossible. Over the years the problem has been discussed by many people, including mathematicians and has been demonstrated to be impossible on TV.
For extra credit in a math class Britney was given the challenge to fold anything in half 12 times. After extensive experimentation, she folded a sheet of gold foil 12 times, breaking the record. This was using alternate directions of folding. But, the challenge was then redefined to fold a piece of paper. She studied the problem and was the first person to realize the basic cause for the limits. She then derived the folding limit equation for any given dimension. Limiting equations were derived for the case of folding in alternate directions and for the case of folding in a single direction using a long strip of paper. The merits of both folding approaches are discussed, but for high numbers of folds, single direction folding requires less paper.
The exact limit for single direction folding case was derived, based on the accumulative limiting effects induced by every fold in the folding process.
For the single direction folding case the exact limiting equation is: :
where L is the minimum possible length of the material, t is material thickness, and n is the number of folds possible in one direction.
L and t need to be expressed using the same units.
Stringent rules and definitions were defined by Britney for the folding process. One rule is: For a sheet to be considered folded n times it must be convincingly documented and independently verified that (2n) unique layers are in a straight line. Sections that do not meet these criteria are not counted as a part of the folded section.
Diagram showing part of a rotational sliding folding sequence
In some web pages the limits found by Britney are described as being due to thickness to width ratios of the final folds or attributed to the folder not being strong enough to fold any more times. Both explanations for the limits are incorrect and miss the actual reason for the physical mathematical limit. The actual understanding of the problem involves understanding the simple dynamics of the folding model and the resulting algebra.
In one day Britney was the first person to set the record for folding paper in half 9, 10, 11 or 12 times.
The Historical Society of Pomona Valley is now selling Britney's booklet. It contains over 40 pages of solving the problem and has interesting stories and comments from others who had tried to solve the problem. The booklet gives both detailed and general explanations of the problem's background, the physical limit and tabulates the number of times it is possible to fold different size sheets.
Alternate Direction Folding has the following limit:
This equation gives the width "W" of a square piece of paper needed to fold a piece of paper "n" times, by folding in alternate directions. The actual equation for alternate folding is more complicated, but this relatively simple formula gives a bound that can not be exceeded and is quite close to the actual limit.
For paper that is not square, the above equation still gives an accurate limit. If the paper is 2:1 in length to width ratio, imagine it folded one time making it twice as thick "t" and then use the above formula remembering that one extra fold is added.
Britney derived folding limits in December of 2001 and folded paper in half 12 times in January of 2002, while a junior in High School. She now attends U. C. Berkeley
In April of 2005 Britney's accomplishment was mentioned on the prime time CBS television show Numb3rs.
The task was commonly known to be impossible. Over the years the problem has been discussed by many people, including mathematicians and has been demonstrated to be impossible on TV.
For extra credit in a math class Britney was given the challenge to fold anything in half 12 times. After extensive experimentation, she folded a sheet of gold foil 12 times, breaking the record. This was using alternate directions of folding. But, the challenge was then redefined to fold a piece of paper. She studied the problem and was the first person to realize the basic cause for the limits. She then derived the folding limit equation for any given dimension. Limiting equations were derived for the case of folding in alternate directions and for the case of folding in a single direction using a long strip of paper. The merits of both folding approaches are discussed, but for high numbers of folds, single direction folding requires less paper.
The exact limit for single direction folding case was derived, based on the accumulative limiting effects induced by every fold in the folding process.
For the single direction folding case the exact limiting equation is: :
where L is the minimum possible length of the material, t is material thickness, and n is the number of folds possible in one direction.
L and t need to be expressed using the same units.
Stringent rules and definitions were defined by Britney for the folding process. One rule is: For a sheet to be considered folded n times it must be convincingly documented and independently verified that (2n) unique layers are in a straight line. Sections that do not meet these criteria are not counted as a part of the folded section.
Diagram showing part of a rotational sliding folding sequence
In some web pages the limits found by Britney are described as being due to thickness to width ratios of the final folds or attributed to the folder not being strong enough to fold any more times. Both explanations for the limits are incorrect and miss the actual reason for the physical mathematical limit. The actual understanding of the problem involves understanding the simple dynamics of the folding model and the resulting algebra.
In one day Britney was the first person to set the record for folding paper in half 9, 10, 11 or 12 times.
The Historical Society of Pomona Valley is now selling Britney's booklet. It contains over 40 pages of solving the problem and has interesting stories and comments from others who had tried to solve the problem. The booklet gives both detailed and general explanations of the problem's background, the physical limit and tabulates the number of times it is possible to fold different size sheets.
Alternate Direction Folding has the following limit:
This equation gives the width "W" of a square piece of paper needed to fold a piece of paper "n" times, by folding in alternate directions. The actual equation for alternate folding is more complicated, but this relatively simple formula gives a bound that can not be exceeded and is quite close to the actual limit.
For paper that is not square, the above equation still gives an accurate limit. If the paper is 2:1 in length to width ratio, imagine it folded one time making it twice as thick "t" and then use the above formula remembering that one extra fold is added.
Britney derived folding limits in December of 2001 and folded paper in half 12 times in January of 2002, while a junior in High School. She now attends U. C. Berkeley
2009年3月4日星期三
汉英口译分类词汇--改革开放词汇
保险业 The insurance industry
保证重点支出 Ensure funding for priority areas
被兼并或挤掉 annexed or forced out of business
补发拖欠的养老金 Clear up pension payments in arrears
不良贷款 Non—performing loan
层层转包和违法分保 Multi-level contracting and illegal subcontracting
产值 output value
城乡信用社 Credit Cooperative in both urban and rural areas
城镇居民最低生活保障 A minimum standard of living for city residents
城镇职工医疗保险制度 The system of medical insurance for urban workers
抽样调查 data from the sample survey
出口信贷 Export credit
初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制。 to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy.
贷款质量 Loan quality
贷款质量五级分类办法 The five-category assets classification for bank loans
第二产业 secondary industry
第三产业 tertiary industry
第一产业 primary industry
独资企业 wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise
发电量 electric energy production
发挥市场的调节作用 to give play to the regulatory role of the market
发展过快 excessive growth
防范和化解金融风险 Take precautions against and reduce financial risks
防洪工程 Flood-prevention project
非法外汇交易 Illegal foreign exchange transaction
非公有成分 non-public sectors
非贸易收汇 Foreign exchange earnings through non trade channels
非银行金融机构 Non-bank financial institutions
费改税 Transform administrative fees into taxes
分配形式 forms of distribution
风险资金 risk funds
副业 sideline production
改革是"社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展". Reform is "the self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system."
改革重点转移到城市 the focus of reform is shifted to the cities
改善经济环境 improve economic environment
搞活企业 invigorate/ revitalize/ rejuvenate enterprises
各尽所能，按劳/需分配。 from each according to his ability, to each according to his work/needs.
跟踪审计 Follow-up auditing
工程监理制度 The monitoring system for projects
公有制 public ownership
鼓励 give incentive to
管理不善 poor management
国际收支 international balance of payments国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展。 The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy.
国家的根本任务是，集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设 The basic task of the nation is to concentrate its efforts on socialist modernization.
国民生产总值 GNP （Gross National Product）
国内生产总值 GDP （Gross Domestic Product）
国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量。 The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people； it is the leading force in the national economy.
国有资产安全 The safety of state-owned assets
过度开垦 Excess reclamation
合同管理制度 The contract system for governing projects
合资企业 joint venture
合作企业 cooperative enterprise
和平演变 peaceful evolution
宏观控制 exercise macro-control
机电产品 Electromechanical products
积极的财政政策 Pro-active fiscal policy
基本生活费 Basic allowances
基石 cornerstone
计划经济和市场调节相结合的机制 a mechanism that combines planned economy and market regulation
家庭联产责任承包制 family-contract responsibility system
结售汇制度 The system of exchange settlement and sales
解除劳动关系 Sever labor relations
解放生产力 liberate/unshackle/release the productive forces
金融监管责任制 The responsibility system for financial supervision
经济安全 Economic security
经济和法律的杠杆 economic and legal leverages
经济计划和市场调节相结合 to combine economic planning with market regulation
经济结构改革。 reform in economic structure
经营机制 operative mechanism
精华、精粹、实质 quintessence
举措 move
靠扩大财政赤字搞建设 To increase the deficit to spend more on development
扣除物价上涨部分 price increase are deducted （excluded）
扩大国内需求 The expansion of domestic demand
拉动经济增长 Fuel economic growth
厉行节约，反对浪费 to practice strict economy and combat waste
粮食仓库 Grain depot
粮食收储企业 Grain Collection and storage enterprise
粮食收购资金实行封闭运行 Closed operation of grain purchase funds
粮食销售市场 Grain sales market
劣质工程 Shoddy engineering
林业 forestry
零售 retail
流通制度 circulation system
乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款 Arbitrary charges, fund-raising, quotas and fines
农业 farming
骗汇、逃汇、套汇 Obtain foreign currency under false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage
取消国家对农产品的统购统销 to cancel the state's monopoly on the purchase and marketing of agricultural products
全民所有制 ownership by the entire/whole people
全体会议 plenary session
人均国民生产总值 per capita GNP
人均收入 per capita income
融资渠道 Financing channels
善于接受的 receptive
商品经济 commodity economy
商业信贷原则 The principles for commercial credit
社会保险机构 Social security institution
社会主义的最终目标是解放生产力，消灭剥削，消除贫富两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。 The main goals of socialism are the liberation and development of productive forces, the elimination of exploitation and polarization between the rich and the poor and the final achievement of common prosperity.
社会主义集体所有制 socialist collective ownership
社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。 The basis of the socialist economic system is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.
生产关系 relations of production
生产力 productive forces
生产资料 means of production
生活资料 means of livelihood/subsistence
剩余劳动力。 surplus labor
失业保险金 Unemployment insurance benefits
实际增长率 actual growth rate
实事求是 seek truth from facts实在的 tangible
使负担 be saddled with
试一下 have a go （at sth.）
输入活力 bring vigor into
私有制 private ownership
随着改革的深化，国家指令性计划的范围将会缩小，而市场调节的范围将会扩大。 As the reform further develops, the scope for mandatory state plans will be narrowed, while the scope for market forces will be enlarged.
偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税 Tax evasion, tax fraud and refusal pay taxes
投入 input
外汇收支 Foreign exchange revenue and spending
外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise
我们辨别的标准是看这样做是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平。 The criterion for our judgment is whether the move facilitates the development of socialist productive forces, whether it helps increase the overall national strength of a socialist country, and whether it brings about better living standards.
畜牧业 animal husbandry
要人们警惕右和"左"的影响，特别是"左"的根深蒂固的影响。 to warn people of the influence of both the Right and the "Left" deviations, particularly of the deep-rooted "Left" influence.
一个中心、两个基本点one central task and two basic points 以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则（1）社会主义道路（2）党的领导（3）人民民主专政（4）马列主义毛泽东思想、坚持改革开放 the central task refers to economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinal principles - adherence to the socialist road, to Communist Party leadership, to the people's democratic dictatorship and to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought - and persisting in reform and opening.
引进、输入 importation
引入歧途 lead one to a blind alley
营业发达的公司 going concerns
优化经济结构 optimize the economic structure
有色金属 nonferrous metals
有效地控制通货膨胀 effectively control inflation
渔业 fishing
增额、增值、增长 increment
整顿经济秩序 rectify economic order
中国要警惕右，但更要防"左". China needs to be vigilant against the Right deviation, but primarily, it should guard against the "Left" deviation.
逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家。 to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to turn China into a strong and prosperous socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy.
主要成分 dominant sector
资本主义和社会主义并不是以计划经济和市场的多少来划分的。 Socialism and capitalism are not distinguished by the proportion of planned and market economy.
总工资 total wages
保证重点支出 Ensure funding for priority areas
被兼并或挤掉 annexed or forced out of business
补发拖欠的养老金 Clear up pension payments in arrears
不良贷款 Non—performing loan
层层转包和违法分保 Multi-level contracting and illegal subcontracting
产值 output value
城乡信用社 Credit Cooperative in both urban and rural areas
城镇居民最低生活保障 A minimum standard of living for city residents
城镇职工医疗保险制度 The system of medical insurance for urban workers
抽样调查 data from the sample survey
出口信贷 Export credit
初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制。 to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy.
贷款质量 Loan quality
贷款质量五级分类办法 The five-category assets classification for bank loans
第二产业 secondary industry
第三产业 tertiary industry
第一产业 primary industry
独资企业 wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise
发电量 electric energy production
发挥市场的调节作用 to give play to the regulatory role of the market
发展过快 excessive growth
防范和化解金融风险 Take precautions against and reduce financial risks
防洪工程 Flood-prevention project
非法外汇交易 Illegal foreign exchange transaction
非公有成分 non-public sectors
非贸易收汇 Foreign exchange earnings through non trade channels
非银行金融机构 Non-bank financial institutions
费改税 Transform administrative fees into taxes
分配形式 forms of distribution
风险资金 risk funds
副业 sideline production
改革是"社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展". Reform is "the self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system."
改革重点转移到城市 the focus of reform is shifted to the cities
改善经济环境 improve economic environment
搞活企业 invigorate/ revitalize/ rejuvenate enterprises
各尽所能，按劳/需分配。 from each according to his ability, to each according to his work/needs.
跟踪审计 Follow-up auditing
工程监理制度 The monitoring system for projects
公有制 public ownership
鼓励 give incentive to
管理不善 poor management
国际收支 international balance of payments国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展。 The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy.
国家的根本任务是，集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设 The basic task of the nation is to concentrate its efforts on socialist modernization.
国民生产总值 GNP （Gross National Product）
国内生产总值 GDP （Gross Domestic Product）
国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量。 The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people； it is the leading force in the national economy.
国有资产安全 The safety of state-owned assets
过度开垦 Excess reclamation
合同管理制度 The contract system for governing projects
合资企业 joint venture
合作企业 cooperative enterprise
和平演变 peaceful evolution
宏观控制 exercise macro-control
机电产品 Electromechanical products
积极的财政政策 Pro-active fiscal policy
基本生活费 Basic allowances
基石 cornerstone
计划经济和市场调节相结合的机制 a mechanism that combines planned economy and market regulation
家庭联产责任承包制 family-contract responsibility system
结售汇制度 The system of exchange settlement and sales
解除劳动关系 Sever labor relations
解放生产力 liberate/unshackle/release the productive forces
金融监管责任制 The responsibility system for financial supervision
经济安全 Economic security
经济和法律的杠杆 economic and legal leverages
经济计划和市场调节相结合 to combine economic planning with market regulation
经济结构改革。 reform in economic structure
经营机制 operative mechanism
精华、精粹、实质 quintessence
举措 move
靠扩大财政赤字搞建设 To increase the deficit to spend more on development
扣除物价上涨部分 price increase are deducted （excluded）
扩大国内需求 The expansion of domestic demand
拉动经济增长 Fuel economic growth
厉行节约，反对浪费 to practice strict economy and combat waste
粮食仓库 Grain depot
粮食收储企业 Grain Collection and storage enterprise
粮食收购资金实行封闭运行 Closed operation of grain purchase funds
粮食销售市场 Grain sales market
劣质工程 Shoddy engineering
林业 forestry
零售 retail
流通制度 circulation system
乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款 Arbitrary charges, fund-raising, quotas and fines
农业 farming
骗汇、逃汇、套汇 Obtain foreign currency under false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage
取消国家对农产品的统购统销 to cancel the state's monopoly on the purchase and marketing of agricultural products
全民所有制 ownership by the entire/whole people
全体会议 plenary session
人均国民生产总值 per capita GNP
人均收入 per capita income
融资渠道 Financing channels
善于接受的 receptive
商品经济 commodity economy
商业信贷原则 The principles for commercial credit
社会保险机构 Social security institution
社会主义的最终目标是解放生产力，消灭剥削，消除贫富两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。 The main goals of socialism are the liberation and development of productive forces, the elimination of exploitation and polarization between the rich and the poor and the final achievement of common prosperity.
社会主义集体所有制 socialist collective ownership
社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。 The basis of the socialist economic system is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.
生产关系 relations of production
生产力 productive forces
生产资料 means of production
生活资料 means of livelihood/subsistence
剩余劳动力。 surplus labor
失业保险金 Unemployment insurance benefits
实际增长率 actual growth rate
实事求是 seek truth from facts实在的 tangible
使负担 be saddled with
试一下 have a go （at sth.）
输入活力 bring vigor into
私有制 private ownership
随着改革的深化，国家指令性计划的范围将会缩小，而市场调节的范围将会扩大。 As the reform further develops, the scope for mandatory state plans will be narrowed, while the scope for market forces will be enlarged.
偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税 Tax evasion, tax fraud and refusal pay taxes
投入 input
外汇收支 Foreign exchange revenue and spending
外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise
我们辨别的标准是看这样做是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平。 The criterion for our judgment is whether the move facilitates the development of socialist productive forces, whether it helps increase the overall national strength of a socialist country, and whether it brings about better living standards.
畜牧业 animal husbandry
要人们警惕右和"左"的影响，特别是"左"的根深蒂固的影响。 to warn people of the influence of both the Right and the "Left" deviations, particularly of the deep-rooted "Left" influence.
一个中心、两个基本点one central task and two basic points 以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则（1）社会主义道路（2）党的领导（3）人民民主专政（4）马列主义毛泽东思想、坚持改革开放 the central task refers to economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinal principles - adherence to the socialist road, to Communist Party leadership, to the people's democratic dictatorship and to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought - and persisting in reform and opening.
引进、输入 importation
引入歧途 lead one to a blind alley
营业发达的公司 going concerns
优化经济结构 optimize the economic structure
有色金属 nonferrous metals
有效地控制通货膨胀 effectively control inflation
渔业 fishing
增额、增值、增长 increment
整顿经济秩序 rectify economic order
中国要警惕右，但更要防"左". China needs to be vigilant against the Right deviation, but primarily, it should guard against the "Left" deviation.
逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家。 to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to turn China into a strong and prosperous socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy.
主要成分 dominant sector
资本主义和社会主义并不是以计划经济和市场的多少来划分的。 Socialism and capitalism are not distinguished by the proportion of planned and market economy.
总工资 total wages
Hard times prompt Americans to increase smoking
Stress caused by a slowing economy, shrinking retirement accounts and rising unemployment rates is driving some American smokers to increase the habit or delay quitting, according to a new survey.
A quarter of smokers who are worried about the economy said fretting over it has driven them to smoke more each day, while another 13 percent said they have delayed quitting.
"The turbulent global stock markets have caused virtually every American a certain level of stress. Those who also struggle with an addiction to tobacco products are at an increased disadvantage. Quitting smoking under normal circumstances is one of the most difficult things you can do. ”Cheryl Healton, the president and CEO of the American Legacy Foundation, said in a statement.
The Washington, D.C.-based anti-smoking advocacy group commissioned Harris Interactive to conduct the online poll of 2,375 Americans 18 years old and older.
Women smokers were more likely to smoke more due to worries about the economy, with 31 percent reporting they did, compared to 17 percent of men.
A higher percentage (38 percent) of lower-income smokers-- those with a household income of $35,000 or less -- reported that they smoke more cigarettes per day due to the economy, the survey showed.
Unemployed smokers were also more likely to boost smoking due to the financial crisis, with 29 percent smoke more compared to 17 percent of employed smokers.
Former smokers are also not immune to the trend. The survey showed that seven percent of current smokers said their anxiety about the economy had driven them to start smoking again, while nine percent of former smokers were tempted to resume the habit.
But hard times have also encouraged smokers to be more thrifty. One fifth of smokers who are stressed about the economy said they switched to a cheaper brand to save money.
A quarter of smokers who are worried about the economy said fretting over it has driven them to smoke more each day, while another 13 percent said they have delayed quitting.
"The turbulent global stock markets have caused virtually every American a certain level of stress. Those who also struggle with an addiction to tobacco products are at an increased disadvantage. Quitting smoking under normal circumstances is one of the most difficult things you can do. ”Cheryl Healton, the president and CEO of the American Legacy Foundation, said in a statement.
The Washington, D.C.-based anti-smoking advocacy group commissioned Harris Interactive to conduct the online poll of 2,375 Americans 18 years old and older.
Women smokers were more likely to smoke more due to worries about the economy, with 31 percent reporting they did, compared to 17 percent of men.
A higher percentage (38 percent) of lower-income smokers-- those with a household income of $35,000 or less -- reported that they smoke more cigarettes per day due to the economy, the survey showed.
Unemployed smokers were also more likely to boost smoking due to the financial crisis, with 29 percent smoke more compared to 17 percent of employed smokers.
Former smokers are also not immune to the trend. The survey showed that seven percent of current smokers said their anxiety about the economy had driven them to start smoking again, while nine percent of former smokers were tempted to resume the habit.
But hard times have also encouraged smokers to be more thrifty. One fifth of smokers who are stressed about the economy said they switched to a cheaper brand to save money.
The effect of the global financial tsunami on China
The effect of the global financial tsunami on China "is worse than expected", Premier Wen Jiabao was quoted as saying by the National Bureau of Statistics Director Ma Jiantang when he briefed his staff on Tuesday.
It is the first time the premier's personal evaluation of the situation was made public after the central government announced last Sunday a 4 trillion yuan ($586 billion) stimulus package to boost the economy.
Caution was also a key feature in the latest warning from the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) to large State-owned enterprises (SOEs).
In an emergency briefing to top SOE executives, minister Li Rongrong told them not to rush into overseas mergers and acquisitions.
"Hold your cash," he was quoted as saying yesterday. "Don't rush. There will be plenty of opportunities in the future."
With much of the stimulus package already in the implementation process, World Bank chief economist Justin Lin told China Daily yesterday that he thinks the country is capable of achieving 8-9 percent GDP growth in 2009 and 2010, while helping the economies in the region and the world at large.
In a background paper for the weekend's G20 financial summit in Washington DC, the World Bank forecast that annual growth of developing countries will fall to 4.5 percent in 2009, down from 6.4 percent, while the global growth rate will only be 1 percent.
"If China can maintain its dynamic growth, I think the world will find it much easier to fight this global recession," Lin said, noting that China's growth would generate high demand for imports and a large market for suppliers.
World Bank Group President Robert Zoellick said in an earlier press conference on Tuesday that China had set an excellent example in tackling the financial crisis in a very constructive way. "It's an example of some of the things I've been suggesting to various countries " said Zoellick.
The Chinese government has said it is ready to contribute directly to the global anti-crisis efforts.
It is the first time the premier's personal evaluation of the situation was made public after the central government announced last Sunday a 4 trillion yuan ($586 billion) stimulus package to boost the economy.
Caution was also a key feature in the latest warning from the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) to large State-owned enterprises (SOEs).
In an emergency briefing to top SOE executives, minister Li Rongrong told them not to rush into overseas mergers and acquisitions.
"Hold your cash," he was quoted as saying yesterday. "Don't rush. There will be plenty of opportunities in the future."
With much of the stimulus package already in the implementation process, World Bank chief economist Justin Lin told China Daily yesterday that he thinks the country is capable of achieving 8-9 percent GDP growth in 2009 and 2010, while helping the economies in the region and the world at large.
In a background paper for the weekend's G20 financial summit in Washington DC, the World Bank forecast that annual growth of developing countries will fall to 4.5 percent in 2009, down from 6.4 percent, while the global growth rate will only be 1 percent.
"If China can maintain its dynamic growth, I think the world will find it much easier to fight this global recession," Lin said, noting that China's growth would generate high demand for imports and a large market for suppliers.
World Bank Group President Robert Zoellick said in an earlier press conference on Tuesday that China had set an excellent example in tackling the financial crisis in a very constructive way. "It's an example of some of the things I've been suggesting to various countries " said Zoellick.
The Chinese government has said it is ready to contribute directly to the global anti-crisis efforts.
Last Post for a Murdoch Heir
It was a wistful Lachlan Murdoch who exited News Corp. (NWS ) on July 29, setting off rumors on both sides of the Atlantic that Rupert Murdoch's eldest son had fallen out with the media world's most powerful baron. "This was a very difficult decision," Lachlan wrote in an e-mail to News employees the day he resigned as deputy chief operating officer of the $21 billion a year media behemoth.
Looking back at his days "cleaning presses on the old Daily Mirror in Sydney" to running the company's New York Post and its TV station group, the 33-year-old Lachlan also wrote that he "knew from around the time I could walk that I wanted to join this great team of people."
The younger Murdoch said he had pondered his future for "many months" before deciding to head back to his native Australia with his model wife, Sarah, and 8-month-old son, Kalan.
But what would prompt the fast-rising son of a media mogul to quit so abruptly? No one at News is saying publicly, though insiders say father and son got along well. The problem was that Lachlan got tired of running units inside the News Corp. while his younger brother, 31-year-old James, ran his own company in London -- the BSkyB satellite service, in which News Corp. has a 35% stake.
The handwriting on the wall was that James was the likely successor to Rupert, when -- or perhaps if -- the mogul ever steps down. Rupert has been CEO since his father died in 1952, when he began turning a single, failing newspaper in provincial Adelaide into the world's most global media empire.
Not that it looks like anyone will be taking over anytime soon. Indeed, the 74-year-old patriarch has said he'll stick around as long as his board thinks he's capable.
作为世界上影响力最大的商业帝国之一，媒体巨头默多克旗下的新闻集团一直面临着继承人的物色问题。然而在7月29日，最有希望继承这一庞大产业的默多克的长子拉克兰·默多克却主动提出离职。
据美国《商业周刊》7月29日报道，29日拉克兰辞去了其在新闻集团中的职务。拉克兰表示，最终做出辞职决定之前的几个月中，他一直在仔细考虑自己的未来，而现在他终于下定决心，带着自己的妻子和8个月大的儿子返回位于澳洲的老家。而外界分析人士也认为拉克兰的离开对于新闻集团未来的运营和前景不会有太大的影响。
对于拉克兰的辞职，也许大多数人都会感到奇怪，为何他会如此突然地选择离开呢？据集团内部知情人士透露，拉克兰在与父亲的合作交流上十分融洽。而长时间地工作于新闻集团所带来的疲劳和厌倦才是让他辞职的最终原因。在离开新闻集团之前，拉克兰曾经向自己的父亲表示，感谢他在商业领域和生活中对自己的教导，而老默多克则说，拉克兰的离开让他感到非常沮丧，并且感谢拉克兰一直以来对新闻集团的巨大贡献。
实际上，拉克兰的弟弟，现年31岁的詹姆斯已经在伦敦建立了自己的BSkyB卫星服务公司，虽然新闻集团仍然在该公司占有35％的股份，不过对于詹姆斯来说，BSkyB仍然是一片可以展示自己才华的自由天地。而詹姆斯也被视为老默多克的接班人之一。
就在外界对新闻集团接班人的问题争论不休的时候，老默多克似乎坚信老骥伏枥这句谚语，这位74岁的老人表示，只要公司董事会相信他的能力，他就不会离开新闻集团
Looking back at his days "cleaning presses on the old Daily Mirror in Sydney" to running the company's New York Post and its TV station group, the 33-year-old Lachlan also wrote that he "knew from around the time I could walk that I wanted to join this great team of people."
The younger Murdoch said he had pondered his future for "many months" before deciding to head back to his native Australia with his model wife, Sarah, and 8-month-old son, Kalan.
But what would prompt the fast-rising son of a media mogul to quit so abruptly? No one at News is saying publicly, though insiders say father and son got along well. The problem was that Lachlan got tired of running units inside the News Corp. while his younger brother, 31-year-old James, ran his own company in London -- the BSkyB satellite service, in which News Corp. has a 35% stake.
The handwriting on the wall was that James was the likely successor to Rupert, when -- or perhaps if -- the mogul ever steps down. Rupert has been CEO since his father died in 1952, when he began turning a single, failing newspaper in provincial Adelaide into the world's most global media empire.
Not that it looks like anyone will be taking over anytime soon. Indeed, the 74-year-old patriarch has said he'll stick around as long as his board thinks he's capable.
作为世界上影响力最大的商业帝国之一，媒体巨头默多克旗下的新闻集团一直面临着继承人的物色问题。然而在7月29日，最有希望继承这一庞大产业的默多克的长子拉克兰·默多克却主动提出离职。
据美国《商业周刊》7月29日报道，29日拉克兰辞去了其在新闻集团中的职务。拉克兰表示，最终做出辞职决定之前的几个月中，他一直在仔细考虑自己的未来，而现在他终于下定决心，带着自己的妻子和8个月大的儿子返回位于澳洲的老家。而外界分析人士也认为拉克兰的离开对于新闻集团未来的运营和前景不会有太大的影响。
对于拉克兰的辞职，也许大多数人都会感到奇怪，为何他会如此突然地选择离开呢？据集团内部知情人士透露，拉克兰在与父亲的合作交流上十分融洽。而长时间地工作于新闻集团所带来的疲劳和厌倦才是让他辞职的最终原因。在离开新闻集团之前，拉克兰曾经向自己的父亲表示，感谢他在商业领域和生活中对自己的教导，而老默多克则说，拉克兰的离开让他感到非常沮丧，并且感谢拉克兰一直以来对新闻集团的巨大贡献。
实际上，拉克兰的弟弟，现年31岁的詹姆斯已经在伦敦建立了自己的BSkyB卫星服务公司，虽然新闻集团仍然在该公司占有35％的股份，不过对于詹姆斯来说，BSkyB仍然是一片可以展示自己才华的自由天地。而詹姆斯也被视为老默多克的接班人之一。
就在外界对新闻集团接班人的问题争论不休的时候，老默多克似乎坚信老骥伏枥这句谚语，这位74岁的老人表示，只要公司董事会相信他的能力，他就不会离开新闻集团
Retailers test paying by fingerprint
Major retailers are putting in payment systems that let your finger do the paying. Paying for products with a fingerprint, rather than checks, cards or electronic devices, is among the newest cashless options at checkout.
零售商试用指纹结账技术
几家大的零售商正在安装能够通过顾客指纹结账的付款系统。购物付账时使用指纹而不是支票、信用卡或电子手段，它是最新的不用现金的结账方式之一。
Biometric access, as the process is called, might have a Big Brother feeling, but it is expected to speed customer checkout and cut identity fraud. In some ways, biometric access tests consumers' willingness to give up some privacy to gain convenience.
A customer signs up by having a finger scanned into a database by special machines and designating a credit or debit card to which purchases will be charged. To make a purchase, consumers have their finger read at checkout, often on a pad incorporated into a console that also reads swipe cards and provides for personal identification number (PIN) entry.
这种技术被称为"生物统计学接口技术"，它也许会给人一种侵犯个人隐私的感觉，但人们期望它能加快顾客结账的速度，并防止利用假身份进行欺诈。从某些方面来说，生物统计学接口技术的应用也正在检验消费者是否愿意放弃一些隐私以换取更多的便利。
顾客注册时，通过特殊的仪器将指纹扫描进数据库，然后指定一张信用卡或结算卡为购买的物品结账。购物时，消费者的指纹在付款处的面板上被读取，通常这种面板与可以刷卡和输入个人身份号码的控制台相连。
Though once only commonplace in legal situations, fingerprinting is being used more in commerce. Institutions from banks to pawnshops are fingerprinting to authenticate transactions. Transaction processing time is less than 30 seconds, compared with three minutes before using the technology.The increase in interest in biometric access stems from an increase in fraud involving more money, as well as a decline in the cost of the technology. The system now costs about $ 10,000, experts say.
零售商试用指纹结账技术
几家大的零售商正在安装能够通过顾客指纹结账的付款系统。购物付账时使用指纹而不是支票、信用卡或电子手段，它是最新的不用现金的结账方式之一。
Biometric access, as the process is called, might have a Big Brother feeling, but it is expected to speed customer checkout and cut identity fraud. In some ways, biometric access tests consumers' willingness to give up some privacy to gain convenience.
A customer signs up by having a finger scanned into a database by special machines and designating a credit or debit card to which purchases will be charged. To make a purchase, consumers have their finger read at checkout, often on a pad incorporated into a console that also reads swipe cards and provides for personal identification number (PIN) entry.
这种技术被称为"生物统计学接口技术"，它也许会给人一种侵犯个人隐私的感觉，但人们期望它能加快顾客结账的速度，并防止利用假身份进行欺诈。从某些方面来说，生物统计学接口技术的应用也正在检验消费者是否愿意放弃一些隐私以换取更多的便利。
顾客注册时，通过特殊的仪器将指纹扫描进数据库，然后指定一张信用卡或结算卡为购买的物品结账。购物时，消费者的指纹在付款处的面板上被读取，通常这种面板与可以刷卡和输入个人身份号码的控制台相连。
Though once only commonplace in legal situations, fingerprinting is being used more in commerce. Institutions from banks to pawnshops are fingerprinting to authenticate transactions. Transaction processing time is less than 30 seconds, compared with three minutes before using the technology.The increase in interest in biometric access stems from an increase in fraud involving more money, as well as a decline in the cost of the technology. The system now costs about $ 10,000, experts say.
Oil Prices Surge Above 74 Dollars
World oil prices surged above 74 dollars Monday amid concerns over the Middle East. New York's main contract, light sweet crude for delivery in September, climbed 1.16 dollars at 74.40 dollars per barrel in closing trades. In London, Brent North Sea crude for September delivery surged 1.76 dollars to settle at 75.15 dollars per barrel. Traders are concerned over the violence between Israel and Hezbollah, which could spread to crude-producing nations in the Middle East. The Israeli army launched an airstrike in support of a ground operation against Hezbollah guerrillas near the southern Lebanese border village of Taibe on Monday. Meanwhile, traders worry about the possibility that Iran's oil exports would halt if the United Nations imposed international sanctions on Teheran for its nuclear activities. The UN Security Council passed a resolution on Monday urging Iran to stop uranium enrichment by August 31 or face possible economic and diplomatic sanctions.
Wal-Mart’s Rise
How did a peddler of cheap shirts and fishing rods become the mightiest corporation in America？The short version of Wal-Mart’s rise to glory goes something like this：In 1979 it racked up a billion dollars in sales．By 1993 it did that much business in a week；by 2001 it could do it in a day．
沃尔玛发迹
一个出售廉价衬衣和钓鱼竿的商店是如何成为美国实力最强的公司的？沃尔玛百货公司的发迹史可以浓缩为以下三个阶段：1979年它全年的销售额为10亿美元；到1993年，一周就能达到这个数额；在2001年仅需一天之功。
It’s a stunning tale -- one that propelled Wal-Mart from rural Arkansas，where it was founded in 1962，to the top of the Fortune 500 this year．Sam Walton，Wal-Mart’s founder，pushed sales growth relentlessly while squeezing costs with sophisticated information technology．He exhorted employees to sell better with the“ten-foot rule”（greet customers if they are that close）．He was，in other words，an early evangelist for the first commandment of today’s economy：Service rules．Wal-Mart，in fact，is the first service company to rise to the top of the Fortune 500．When Fortune first published its list of the largest companies in America in 1995，Wal-Mart didn’t even exist．That year General Motors was America’s biggest company，and in every year that followed，either GM or another mighty industrial，Exxon，was NO．1．
这是一个惊人的故事——这个1962年始创于阿肯色州乡村地区的沃尔玛百货公司在今年一跃登上了《财富》500强的榜首。公司创始人萨姆·沃尔顿一面千方百计提高销售额，一面以先进的信息技术降低成本。他以严格的“10英尺规则”（向在这距离之内的顾客致意）鼓励员工提高销售质量。换句话说，他是当今经济戒律——服务规则——的第一位传道者。事实上，沃尔玛百货公司是第一个跃居《财富》500强榜首的服务业公司。1955年，当《财富》杂志第一次公布美国最大公司的排名时，沃尔玛甚至尚未问世。那一年，通用汽车公司是美国最大的公司，此后不是通用汽车公司就是另一个大公司——埃克森公司独占鳌头。
Wal-Mart’s achievement caps a bigger economic shift -- from producing goods to providing services．Manufacturing’s share of U．S．employment peaked in 1953，at 35%．It has been declining steadily since．In the decade that will end in 2010，the Bureau of Labor Statistics figures that goods－producing industries will create 1.3 million new jobs，compared to 20 million for service industries．To look at it another way，today there are about four times as many people working in service jobs as in other kinds of jobs．And even within manufacturing，services are an increasingly large share of operations．
沃尔玛的成就还标志着一个更重要的经济转变——从生产商品向提供服务的转变。1953年美国制造业的就业人数占总就业人数的比例达到最高点——35%，从此就开始逐年下降。根据劳工统计局的数字，到2010 年底的未来10年间，制造业将创造130万个就业机会，而服务业创造的就业机会将高达2000万个。换一个角度看，今天在服务业中工作的人数大约是其他行业的４倍。即使在制造业中，服务在业务经营中所占的比例也越来越大。
As America got richer consumption got more complicated．With more income to throw around，people started spending more on services -- movies and travel，mortgages to buy houses，insurance to protect those houses，the occasional decadent weekend at a luxury hotel．Economists call this a shift in the demand pattern；Fortune calls it the main reason that 64 of this year’s top 100 are service companies．Over the next few years，only three of the ten fastest-growing occupations（software engineers，nurses，and computer support）pay middle-class salaries．The rest could be called，well，Wal-Mart kinds of jobs -- cashiers，retail assistants，food service，and so on．In short，the service economy is delivering more good jobs than ever before．
沃尔玛发迹
一个出售廉价衬衣和钓鱼竿的商店是如何成为美国实力最强的公司的？沃尔玛百货公司的发迹史可以浓缩为以下三个阶段：1979年它全年的销售额为10亿美元；到1993年，一周就能达到这个数额；在2001年仅需一天之功。
It’s a stunning tale -- one that propelled Wal-Mart from rural Arkansas，where it was founded in 1962，to the top of the Fortune 500 this year．Sam Walton，Wal-Mart’s founder，pushed sales growth relentlessly while squeezing costs with sophisticated information technology．He exhorted employees to sell better with the“ten-foot rule”（greet customers if they are that close）．He was，in other words，an early evangelist for the first commandment of today’s economy：Service rules．Wal-Mart，in fact，is the first service company to rise to the top of the Fortune 500．When Fortune first published its list of the largest companies in America in 1995，Wal-Mart didn’t even exist．That year General Motors was America’s biggest company，and in every year that followed，either GM or another mighty industrial，Exxon，was NO．1．
这是一个惊人的故事——这个1962年始创于阿肯色州乡村地区的沃尔玛百货公司在今年一跃登上了《财富》500强的榜首。公司创始人萨姆·沃尔顿一面千方百计提高销售额，一面以先进的信息技术降低成本。他以严格的“10英尺规则”（向在这距离之内的顾客致意）鼓励员工提高销售质量。换句话说，他是当今经济戒律——服务规则——的第一位传道者。事实上，沃尔玛百货公司是第一个跃居《财富》500强榜首的服务业公司。1955年，当《财富》杂志第一次公布美国最大公司的排名时，沃尔玛甚至尚未问世。那一年，通用汽车公司是美国最大的公司，此后不是通用汽车公司就是另一个大公司——埃克森公司独占鳌头。
Wal-Mart’s achievement caps a bigger economic shift -- from producing goods to providing services．Manufacturing’s share of U．S．employment peaked in 1953，at 35%．It has been declining steadily since．In the decade that will end in 2010，the Bureau of Labor Statistics figures that goods－producing industries will create 1.3 million new jobs，compared to 20 million for service industries．To look at it another way，today there are about four times as many people working in service jobs as in other kinds of jobs．And even within manufacturing，services are an increasingly large share of operations．
沃尔玛的成就还标志着一个更重要的经济转变——从生产商品向提供服务的转变。1953年美国制造业的就业人数占总就业人数的比例达到最高点——35%，从此就开始逐年下降。根据劳工统计局的数字，到2010 年底的未来10年间，制造业将创造130万个就业机会，而服务业创造的就业机会将高达2000万个。换一个角度看，今天在服务业中工作的人数大约是其他行业的４倍。即使在制造业中，服务在业务经营中所占的比例也越来越大。
As America got richer consumption got more complicated．With more income to throw around，people started spending more on services -- movies and travel，mortgages to buy houses，insurance to protect those houses，the occasional decadent weekend at a luxury hotel．Economists call this a shift in the demand pattern；Fortune calls it the main reason that 64 of this year’s top 100 are service companies．Over the next few years，only three of the ten fastest-growing occupations（software engineers，nurses，and computer support）pay middle-class salaries．The rest could be called，well，Wal-Mart kinds of jobs -- cashiers，retail assistants，food service，and so on．In short，the service economy is delivering more good jobs than ever before．
What I have lived for
Three passions, simple but overwhelming1y strong, have governed my life :the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, in a wayward course,over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all my rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it ,next because it relieves loneliness-that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the co1d unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what-at last-I have found. With equa1 passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A 1ittle of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my hear. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evi1,but I can’t, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and wou1d gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
2009年3月3日星期二
女性朋友一生受用的经典语录
工作计划与男友约会档期冲突，取前者。前者不会辜负你，而且越老越不会 ，除非你目前的工作是当三陪小姐。 只有小女孩才会用吸烟、夜游、多交男友表示成熟，你就不必了。 最好不要让初次约会的男人知道你住所，若对方坚持送，那么到楼下即可。相信我，他不顺便上去喝杯茶也不会渴死。 若连续六个月每月置衫超过十件，考虑买房。 酒吧里认识的男人就不必留电话了。 如果没车，不要买白皮鞋。 若不幸你爱的男人有另一个女人，请不要留恋，随时离开! 男人对自己的好色就象律师对罪犯：明知有罪也要辩护。你知道就是啦。 即使你美若天仙，也要讲道理。 爱你的工作，但不要爱你的老板。 浪漫是一袭美丽的晚礼服，但你不能一天到晚都穿着它啊。 嫁大款就象抢银行，收益总很大，但后患无穷，若能不试，还是不试为好。 不要逼男人撒谎，他会恨你。也不要把他的话当真，你会恨他。 再爱他，也不必为他去隆胸。 视爱情为奢侈品：有最好，没有也能活。 签任何合同之前至少看三遍。如果是婚约，更要仔细掂量。 随缘，但不是说不努力。 为了你的身心健康可养一只宠物，为了宠物的身心健康，就不要养了。据说它们太孤独了也会得忧郁症。 每天吃维生素丸，坚持补钙，否则在浴缸里面一跤摔断腿，即使你能爬出来打急救电话并在医生赶来之前披上衣服，恐怕也得在床上躺3月，一个夏天不能做爱。 人越少则冰箱越要大，精神空虚可用食物填充。若打开冰箱没有食物，可鼓励你努力工作。 食物尽量选择高蛋白、多纤维、低脂肪、少热量的，少食多餐。 要买保险。 在办公室里备一件厚外套，一把伞。 同事的恭维就象香水，可以闻闻，但不要喝。 永远不要问这个问题： 为什么不爱我？ 不要预先说出决心。 没有任何事任何人，会重要到需要你过了半夜12点还苦想不睡。 若没有五位数出场费，不要参加非常男女之类的电视节目。 真诚地微笑，别怕皱纹。 元宵节、中秋节、情人节若无节目可主动要求加班。免得出门触景生情或回家独自神伤，而且可以给老板一个好印象。 以前的恋人打电话来问你最近好不好。要说好。 过去，童话故事是很久很久以前。 开头的，现在，童话故事是以如果我还没有结婚。 开头的，记住你已经过了听童话的年龄了。 学会做几个好菜。 周末给自己炖汤。 任何时候都不要喝多，头天晚上吐的东西次日早上还要自己收拾，你会因此吐第二次的。 抽屉里放好必备药品。 家里的安眠药不要超过10粒。 若确实有需要，可上网给自己定购一个仿真物品 ，一要在办公室以外的地方订购，二要注意卫生，防止感染塑胶细菌。 永远只和身心健康的人做爱。 想的时候，想想再说。不想的时候，说不。 多赚点钱，但不要多到谁看上你你都要疑心的地步。 有望得到的要努力，无望得到的不介意，这样无论输赢，姿态都会好看。 其实，人生即使有伴也是寂寞的。不如及早培养兴趣，比如中年之后种花养鱼。 有人称赞你年轻，还是应该高兴的。 恋爱就象玩麻将，不认真没乐趣，太认真易伤心。培养点游戏精神。 与任何人，在任何情况下，都不拍欢爱的镜头。 真喜欢一样东西，就买吧。 曾经背叛过你的情人，想要回头，说不。你曾经背叛的情人，请你回头，说不。 答应请求时面带微笑，说不的时候清晰肯定。 保持青春的秘诀，是有一颗不安份的心。 无论蕾丝内衣还是工作报告，简洁都是最好的。 对于一个错误的诺言,你要有勇气违背它。 大事坚持原则，小事学会变通。 任何东西都不能以健康做交换. 一个人是否可靠，全看你用什么样的手段控制他。 一切都不需争论，只需给出结果。 男人总是向不把他放在眼里的女人献殷勤。命运也是。 不要借钱，若一定要借，借银行。不要借给人钱，若一定要借，别打算他还。 学着理财，即使你学的是考古或小提琴。 如果你花心，千万别用恋人的生日做密码。常常换，很烦的。 太在意一个人往往得不到。钱也一样。 床头放一本好书。 每天笑笑对身体好。如果经常有人给你讲笑话，你是很幸运的。 找一项有兴趣的体育活动，坚持下去，做爱不算。 心情失落时不要淋雨，不要听慢歌，不要看悲情电影，不要泡在浴缸里喝红酒。 不要常常计算得失。那是保险公司和你的对手的事。 遇到让你心动的人，不妨喜欢一次。 工作之余，尽量在室外活动。 不要在想让你哭的人面前哭。 老而弥纯是可耻的。 每年做身体检查，了解自己的健康状况。 钥匙一定要在父母或好友家存一套。 如果你的房间越来越雪白素净，访客越来越少，桌面地板不允许有一丝灰尘，听到孩子的吵闹会心烦，每天洗手超过20次。快去看心理医生。 即使你真的不喜欢小孩，也不要说出来。 私人朋友不要常到办公场所找你。 不必好奇别人怎样评价你，想想你是怎样评价他的。 你看，男人从不开口向人请教如何才能让婚姻和事业两全其美的问题。 爱不是做爱。爱是，想和对方一起睡觉。 简单地说，常常让你微笑的人就是好人。 别和道德观和你不同的人有私交。 若再不开始孝敬父母就太迟了!! 尊严如同胸衣，把女人托的很高贵，但若故意显露，则流于粗俗。 你看上去有多大，其实就多大。 不要迷恋包装绚丽的东西。 一个人，从出生到18岁，需要好的家庭。18岁到35岁，需要好的外表。35岁到55岁，需要好的个性。55岁以后，需要好多钱。 当然应该等待那个对的人最终出现。但在漫长的等待中，你也可以先和不对的人聊聊天。 要快乐!要记住你只能活一辈子
来源于:www.q520q.cn
来源于:www.q520q.cn
一些很有意思的网站
1，看看自己具有哪个大明星的脸型 http://www.play-analogia.com/cgi-bin/index/
2，超有意思的Flash网站，虚拟办公 http://agencynet.com
3，亲自动手给美女画纹身 http://www.crustydemons.co.uk/UK/tattoo_parlour/index.html
4，输入文字就发出声音！ http://www.putonghuaonline.com只支持繁体中文，同时也是学习普通话和粤语的好地方
5，在线做个通缉令 http://www.glassgiant.com/wanted/
6，制作属于自己的卡通大头像吧 http://cartoon.msn.com.cn
7，在你的照片上添加有趣对话 http://www.bubblesnaps.com
8，这个网站提供各种有趣的在线拼图 http://www.thebroth.com
9，很逼真！模仿XP系统操作的网站 http://www.kingnare.com
10，原来制作带阴影的LOGO如此容易 http://msig.info/web2.php
11，教你打领带 http://www.tieknot.com/dalingdai.html
12，系鞋带的N种方法 http://www.fieggen.com/shoelace/lacingmethods.htm#2trillion
13，咱也弄个自己的徽章玩玩 http://www.says-it.com/seal/index.php
14，在线素描 http://flashface.ctapt.de
15，各种动画图标制做 http://ajaxload.info
16，各种字体图片制做 http://cooltext.com
17，http://www.pollyglotto.com/index8.php 超牛的语音翻译，输入文字里面的人自动给你以语音的形式翻译出来，有趣的是他眼睛跟你你鼠标转，遗憾的是不是免费的！
18,你今天印书了么？免费将你的博客翻印成书 http://www.mrprint.cn/?UN=f1208b59454a9a744055&ShowType=0
19，做个德国身份证玩玩 http://onlinewahn.de/generator/
20，自己做个图来让别人拼 http://www.flash-gear.com/puzzle/
21，在线媒体提取工具 http://solor.cn
22，DiY网络拼图 http://www.webpuzzle.cn
23，2G网络硬盘，仿windows操作系统 http://www1.pc2n.com
24.在线媒体转换工具 http://media-convert.com 它支持大量的文件格式之间的互相转换，包括视频、音频、PPT文档、Word文档、表格文档、图片等等数十种之多。比如你可以把mp3转换成wav，把png转换成gif，把word文件转换成txt文件
25.在线保存，分享和交流网页，博客，新闻 http://www.hinale.com 为您的一篇文章嵌入Hinale按钮，更方便用户保存和交流您的文章
26.blog 搜索引擎 http://www.gnoos.com.au
27.[ ImageCrop ] http://www.imagecrop.com 功能相对简单，它其实是一款为MSN、Yahoo Messager等制作头像的剪裁工具，因此，它的特色在于内置了专用尺寸模板，比如MSN、论坛头像75×75或85×85的尺寸等等。当然也可以自定义大小。
28.[ Online Image Editor ] http://www.online-image-editor.com 支持JPG、PNG、GIF及BMP格式的图像，具备可转换颜色模式，添加边框，转换图像格式等功能，内置10个滤镜效果。
29.[ GifWorks ]Gif动画处理工具 http://gifworks.com 可生成动画效果的文字，不过不支持中文。可编辑的图像格式只有Gif类型，允许上传最大单个文件为400K。具备30多种滤镜效果、3 种优化工具及旋转、剪裁等常用图像编辑功能
30.[ Colorcombos ] http://www.colorcombos.com 是一个网页配色自动探测工具，你只需输入网站地点，它就会帮你把该网站当前的网页配色方案展示出来，并提供相应的色值
31.[ PhotoShow ] http://www.photoshow.com 是一个新型的图片展示服务，利用Flash技术构建。事实上，也可以把它当作如 [ ibloks ] http://www.wappblog.com/entry/200.html [ Eyespot ] http://www.wappblog.com/entry/108.html 等这样的混合工具，它可把图片及音乐混合，做成一段效果非常酷的流媒体。
32.[ Imagesquash ] http://www.imagesquash.com 又是一个图片转换工具，它可以根据按上传图片大小的百分比进行缩小，可转换图片格式为Jpeg、Gif及PNG，可改变图片质量。
33.[ 在线ping你的博客 ] http://pingoat.com
34.[ iBloks ] 是一个多媒体混合工具，它能把照片及音乐混合成一段视频 http://www.ibloks.com
35.[ Web2.0 STYLr ] 是一个web2.0 Logo制作工具 http://web2.0stylr.com/stylr.aspx
36.[ Web2.0 Logo Creator ] http://msig.info/web2.php 是一个专门用来制作web2.0网站logo的在线工具，制作出的logo具备了几个web2.0元素，比如倒影、beta标志等等，在有些地方可能不能打开这个网站，可以去http://www.cnproxy.com/webproxy.asp，通过代理打开！！
37.爱因斯坦写汉字 http://www.sbfun.org/einstein/index.php
38.[ Crusty Demons ] http://www.crustydemons.co.uk/UK/tattoo_parlour/index.html] 是一个在线的纹身视频制作工具，可自定义纹身图案、文字内容和纹身位置，完成后会生成一段视频，并且可下载图片或者发送给朋友
39.[ Ponyfish ] http://www.ponyfish.com 是一个在线Feed创建工具
40.[ SubAdjust-Web ] http://dev.pdvel.com/subadjust/index.php 是一个用来调整DVD字幕的在线工具，你可以通过 [ SubAdjust-Web ] http://dev.pdvel.com/subadjust/index.php 来调整DIVX字幕的时间，以便使其与DVD视频同步，另外还可以用来在SubRip和MirroDVD字幕两种格式之间互换。
41.在线favicon图标制作 http://tools.dynamicdrive.com/favicon/
42.[ converticon.com ] http://converticon.com 是一个在线ico文件和png文件互相转化工具
43.[ krun.ch ] http://krun.ch 提供了本地文件和网络文件的压缩和解压四种功能，压缩或解压缩后的文件可以下载到本地。另外它提供了zip、rar和gzip压缩文件格式供选择
44.[ 在线做个徽章 ] http://www.says-it.com/seal/index.php
45.在这里，你可以在线做个以自己照片做硬币人物的硬币图片，好酷哦！！ http://onlinewahn.de/generator/m-maker.htm
46.想想自己的照片被外文报纸刊登在头版头条该是多么风光，在这里就可以轻松实现 http://onlinewahn.de/generator/z-maker.htm
47.一个在线生成flash菜单的网站，对站长很有帮助. http://www.hostsun.com/gr/flash_generators.php
48.对有些做了IP限制的网站，可能无法访问，可以使用这个代理访问. http://www.cnproxy.com
49.在线图片处理，网通 http://www.iephotoshop.com 电信 http://www1.iephotoshop.com
50.你可以制作出很有专业水准的动态logo，有很多的样式供你选择 http://www.logomaker.cn
51.Flash头像 http://www.dookyweb.com/avatars.swf
52.印象派涂鸦板 http://jacksonpollock.org
53.在线网页截屏工具，在浏览器地址栏输入下面的代码就可以了。http://images.websnapr.com/?url=thw.568idc.com红色部分换成你想要截的网页的地址
54.另外两个好用在线网页截屏工具 http://www.browsrcamp.com/ 和 http://snap.otag.cn/screenshot.aspx
55.可以突破网吧的下载限制进行下载 http://thw.568idc.com/serve/xiazai.html
56.跳转FLASH生成工具 http://www.dfxy.org/tiao/
57.[krun.ch] http://krun.ch 是一个在线压缩工具，它提供了本地文件上传压缩和解压、网络文件的压缩和解压四种功能，压缩或解压缩后的文件可以下载到本地或者通过Email发送。另外它提供了zip、rar和gzip压缩文件格式供选择。
58.在线生成纯css代码实现的圆角矩形的网站,对网站制作者很有用的东西http://www.spiffycorners.com59.it" target=_blank>http://pentacom.jp/soft/ex/" target=_blank>http://www.onlinewahn.de/generator/m-maker.htm
61.图片仓库： http://pic.sdodo.com/
62.在线FLASH动画制作 http://www.dfilm.com/index_movie_start.html
63.图片生成网页图标 http://www.chami.com/html-kit/services/favicon/
64.由蝌蚪网络提供的Gmail注册入口 http://cnc.kedooo.net/gmail/65.最全的邮件/QQ/MSN/BLOG图片生成器 http://www.eoool.com/
66.收藏夹图标生成器 http://www.html-kit.com/e/favicon.cgi
67.在线域名LOGO生成 http://phorum.com.tw/Generator.aspx68.免费3D banner在线制做网站 http://www.3dtextmaker.com/cgi-bin/3dtext.pl
69.输入图片就能查看字体 http://uptime.netcraft.com/up/
72.查看该域名IP主机下的其他域名 http://whois.webhosting.info/
73.生成email图片 http://www.nhacks.com/email/index.php
74.世界网络里面有很多不错的测试 http://www.linkwan.com/gb/broadmeter
75.几个大城市的地图搜索 http://map.zhongsou.com
76.图片标签快速生成工具 http://www.eoool.com/
77.查询在google所有服务器中的PR值 http://www.iwebtool.com/pagerank_checker?domain=www.XXXXXoob.com
78.免费加入140个搜索引擎 http://freehosting.hostrave.com/p/ledbetter/submitware/index.php
79.在线生成多种样式的LOGO http://sherlocco.com/create.asp
80.街道路牌签名生成器 http://www.streetsigngenerator.com/
81.blog标签图片80×15/80×31制作 http://button.blogflux.com/
82.在线生成漫画小图像的站 http://www.abi-station.com/tchinese/83.生成邮址图片..条形码生成..印章 http://www.makepic.com/
84.QQ在线状态代码生成 http://is.qq.com/webpresence/code.shtml
85.身份证号码在线生成器-韩国/台湾 http://i972.net/~gen/
86.条形码在线生成器 http://www.gzbonny.com/asp/barcode.asp
87.聊天工具在线状态生成器 http://www.onlinestatus.org/usage.php
88.在线字体生成工具 http://www.logomaker.cn/
90.在线制作卡通头像 http://cartoon.msn.com.cn/
91.网站综合信息查询 http://www.webmasterhome.cn/92.在线制作按钮(多种款式) http://www.buttonator.com93.在线建立您的Web 2.0网站LOGO http://web2.0stylr.com
94.在线生成彩字(爱狗狗吧) http://www.igogo8.com/
95.live个性图标在线制作 http://linux-fans.com/email/live/live.php96.在线(IE版)图像处理工具 http://www1.iephotoshop.com/
97.ajax载入效果 http://ajaxload.info/
98.报纸头条图片生成器 http://www.onlinewahn.de/generator/z-maker.htm
99.杂志封面生成器 http://www.funonit.com/funny_jokes/fake_magazine
100.MD5加密破解查询 http://www.md5.org.cn/
102.批量查询未注册域名 http://www.moniker.com/domains/batch_reg.jsp
更多精彩在www.q520q.cn
2，超有意思的Flash网站，虚拟办公 http://agencynet.com
3，亲自动手给美女画纹身 http://www.crustydemons.co.uk/UK/tattoo_parlour/index.html
4，输入文字就发出声音！ http://www.putonghuaonline.com只支持繁体中文，同时也是学习普通话和粤语的好地方
5，在线做个通缉令 http://www.glassgiant.com/wanted/
6，制作属于自己的卡通大头像吧 http://cartoon.msn.com.cn
7，在你的照片上添加有趣对话 http://www.bubblesnaps.com
8，这个网站提供各种有趣的在线拼图 http://www.thebroth.com
9，很逼真！模仿XP系统操作的网站 http://www.kingnare.com
10，原来制作带阴影的LOGO如此容易 http://msig.info/web2.php
11，教你打领带 http://www.tieknot.com/dalingdai.html
12，系鞋带的N种方法 http://www.fieggen.com/shoelace/lacingmethods.htm#2trillion
13，咱也弄个自己的徽章玩玩 http://www.says-it.com/seal/index.php
14，在线素描 http://flashface.ctapt.de
15，各种动画图标制做 http://ajaxload.info
16，各种字体图片制做 http://cooltext.com
17，http://www.pollyglotto.com/index8.php 超牛的语音翻译，输入文字里面的人自动给你以语音的形式翻译出来，有趣的是他眼睛跟你你鼠标转，遗憾的是不是免费的！
18,你今天印书了么？免费将你的博客翻印成书 http://www.mrprint.cn/?UN=f1208b59454a9a744055&ShowType=0
19，做个德国身份证玩玩 http://onlinewahn.de/generator/
20，自己做个图来让别人拼 http://www.flash-gear.com/puzzle/
21，在线媒体提取工具 http://solor.cn
22，DiY网络拼图 http://www.webpuzzle.cn
23，2G网络硬盘，仿windows操作系统 http://www1.pc2n.com
24.在线媒体转换工具 http://media-convert.com 它支持大量的文件格式之间的互相转换，包括视频、音频、PPT文档、Word文档、表格文档、图片等等数十种之多。比如你可以把mp3转换成wav，把png转换成gif，把word文件转换成txt文件
25.在线保存，分享和交流网页，博客，新闻 http://www.hinale.com 为您的一篇文章嵌入Hinale按钮，更方便用户保存和交流您的文章
26.blog 搜索引擎 http://www.gnoos.com.au
27.[ ImageCrop ] http://www.imagecrop.com 功能相对简单，它其实是一款为MSN、Yahoo Messager等制作头像的剪裁工具，因此，它的特色在于内置了专用尺寸模板，比如MSN、论坛头像75×75或85×85的尺寸等等。当然也可以自定义大小。
28.[ Online Image Editor ] http://www.online-image-editor.com 支持JPG、PNG、GIF及BMP格式的图像，具备可转换颜色模式，添加边框，转换图像格式等功能，内置10个滤镜效果。
29.[ GifWorks ]Gif动画处理工具 http://gifworks.com 可生成动画效果的文字，不过不支持中文。可编辑的图像格式只有Gif类型，允许上传最大单个文件为400K。具备30多种滤镜效果、3 种优化工具及旋转、剪裁等常用图像编辑功能
30.[ Colorcombos ] http://www.colorcombos.com 是一个网页配色自动探测工具，你只需输入网站地点，它就会帮你把该网站当前的网页配色方案展示出来，并提供相应的色值
31.[ PhotoShow ] http://www.photoshow.com 是一个新型的图片展示服务，利用Flash技术构建。事实上，也可以把它当作如 [ ibloks ] http://www.wappblog.com/entry/200.html [ Eyespot ] http://www.wappblog.com/entry/108.html 等这样的混合工具，它可把图片及音乐混合，做成一段效果非常酷的流媒体。
32.[ Imagesquash ] http://www.imagesquash.com 又是一个图片转换工具，它可以根据按上传图片大小的百分比进行缩小，可转换图片格式为Jpeg、Gif及PNG，可改变图片质量。
33.[ 在线ping你的博客 ] http://pingoat.com
34.[ iBloks ] 是一个多媒体混合工具，它能把照片及音乐混合成一段视频 http://www.ibloks.com
35.[ Web2.0 STYLr ] 是一个web2.0 Logo制作工具 http://web2.0stylr.com/stylr.aspx
36.[ Web2.0 Logo Creator ] http://msig.info/web2.php 是一个专门用来制作web2.0网站logo的在线工具，制作出的logo具备了几个web2.0元素，比如倒影、beta标志等等，在有些地方可能不能打开这个网站，可以去http://www.cnproxy.com/webproxy.asp，通过代理打开！！
37.爱因斯坦写汉字 http://www.sbfun.org/einstein/index.php
38.[ Crusty Demons ] http://www.crustydemons.co.uk/UK/tattoo_parlour/index.html] 是一个在线的纹身视频制作工具，可自定义纹身图案、文字内容和纹身位置，完成后会生成一段视频，并且可下载图片或者发送给朋友
39.[ Ponyfish ] http://www.ponyfish.com 是一个在线Feed创建工具
40.[ SubAdjust-Web ] http://dev.pdvel.com/subadjust/index.php 是一个用来调整DVD字幕的在线工具，你可以通过 [ SubAdjust-Web ] http://dev.pdvel.com/subadjust/index.php 来调整DIVX字幕的时间，以便使其与DVD视频同步，另外还可以用来在SubRip和MirroDVD字幕两种格式之间互换。
41.在线favicon图标制作 http://tools.dynamicdrive.com/favicon/
42.[ converticon.com ] http://converticon.com 是一个在线ico文件和png文件互相转化工具
43.[ krun.ch ] http://krun.ch 提供了本地文件和网络文件的压缩和解压四种功能，压缩或解压缩后的文件可以下载到本地。另外它提供了zip、rar和gzip压缩文件格式供选择
44.[ 在线做个徽章 ] http://www.says-it.com/seal/index.php
45.在这里，你可以在线做个以自己照片做硬币人物的硬币图片，好酷哦！！ http://onlinewahn.de/generator/m-maker.htm
46.想想自己的照片被外文报纸刊登在头版头条该是多么风光，在这里就可以轻松实现 http://onlinewahn.de/generator/z-maker.htm
47.一个在线生成flash菜单的网站，对站长很有帮助. http://www.hostsun.com/gr/flash_generators.php
48.对有些做了IP限制的网站，可能无法访问，可以使用这个代理访问. http://www.cnproxy.com
49.在线图片处理，网通 http://www.iephotoshop.com 电信 http://www1.iephotoshop.com
50.你可以制作出很有专业水准的动态logo，有很多的样式供你选择 http://www.logomaker.cn
51.Flash头像 http://www.dookyweb.com/avatars.swf
52.印象派涂鸦板 http://jacksonpollock.org
53.在线网页截屏工具，在浏览器地址栏输入下面的代码就可以了。http://images.websnapr.com/?url=thw.568idc.com红色部分换成你想要截的网页的地址
54.另外两个好用在线网页截屏工具 http://www.browsrcamp.com/ 和 http://snap.otag.cn/screenshot.aspx
55.可以突破网吧的下载限制进行下载 http://thw.568idc.com/serve/xiazai.html
56.跳转FLASH生成工具 http://www.dfxy.org/tiao/
57.[krun.ch] http://krun.ch 是一个在线压缩工具，它提供了本地文件上传压缩和解压、网络文件的压缩和解压四种功能，压缩或解压缩后的文件可以下载到本地或者通过Email发送。另外它提供了zip、rar和gzip压缩文件格式供选择。
58.在线生成纯css代码实现的圆角矩形的网站,对网站制作者很有用的东西http://www.spiffycorners.com59.it" target=_blank>http://pentacom.jp/soft/ex/" target=_blank>http://www.onlinewahn.de/generator/m-maker.htm
61.图片仓库： http://pic.sdodo.com/
62.在线FLASH动画制作 http://www.dfilm.com/index_movie_start.html
63.图片生成网页图标 http://www.chami.com/html-kit/services/favicon/
64.由蝌蚪网络提供的Gmail注册入口 http://cnc.kedooo.net/gmail/65.最全的邮件/QQ/MSN/BLOG图片生成器 http://www.eoool.com/
66.收藏夹图标生成器 http://www.html-kit.com/e/favicon.cgi
67.在线域名LOGO生成 http://phorum.com.tw/Generator.aspx68.免费3D banner在线制做网站 http://www.3dtextmaker.com/cgi-bin/3dtext.pl
69.输入图片就能查看字体 http://uptime.netcraft.com/up/
72.查看该域名IP主机下的其他域名 http://whois.webhosting.info/
73.生成email图片 http://www.nhacks.com/email/index.php
74.世界网络里面有很多不错的测试 http://www.linkwan.com/gb/broadmeter
75.几个大城市的地图搜索 http://map.zhongsou.com
76.图片标签快速生成工具 http://www.eoool.com/
77.查询在google所有服务器中的PR值 http://www.iwebtool.com/pagerank_checker?domain=www.XXXXXoob.com
78.免费加入140个搜索引擎 http://freehosting.hostrave.com/p/ledbetter/submitware/index.php
79.在线生成多种样式的LOGO http://sherlocco.com/create.asp
80.街道路牌签名生成器 http://www.streetsigngenerator.com/
81.blog标签图片80×15/80×31制作 http://button.blogflux.com/
82.在线生成漫画小图像的站 http://www.abi-station.com/tchinese/83.生成邮址图片..条形码生成..印章 http://www.makepic.com/
84.QQ在线状态代码生成 http://is.qq.com/webpresence/code.shtml
85.身份证号码在线生成器-韩国/台湾 http://i972.net/~gen/
86.条形码在线生成器 http://www.gzbonny.com/asp/barcode.asp
87.聊天工具在线状态生成器 http://www.onlinestatus.org/usage.php
88.在线字体生成工具 http://www.logomaker.cn/
90.在线制作卡通头像 http://cartoon.msn.com.cn/
91.网站综合信息查询 http://www.webmasterhome.cn/92.在线制作按钮(多种款式) http://www.buttonator.com93.在线建立您的Web 2.0网站LOGO http://web2.0stylr.com
94.在线生成彩字(爱狗狗吧) http://www.igogo8.com/
95.live个性图标在线制作 http://linux-fans.com/email/live/live.php96.在线(IE版)图像处理工具 http://www1.iephotoshop.com/
97.ajax载入效果 http://ajaxload.info/
98.报纸头条图片生成器 http://www.onlinewahn.de/generator/z-maker.htm
99.杂志封面生成器 http://www.funonit.com/funny_jokes/fake_magazine
100.MD5加密破解查询 http://www.md5.org.cn/
102.批量查询未注册域名 http://www.moniker.com/domains/batch_reg.jsp
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