2009年5月5日星期二
network game
Be a highly developed society of information now. The college student is to have very big parts of all parasitic Yu network game more. In fact, network game is that existence is very big to the college student abuse's. Network game information propagation's morality of nature easy to avianize a college student realizes arbitrarily. Network game suppositional brings about college student socialization "deficiency". Network game be lured nature brings about the college student "network getting into the habit " , the network waits for a symptom lonely ". Some force game still has will and mental health may maze a college student. Reason why , network game are harmful to the college student.
2009年4月18日星期六
Unisys The MEGA Life and Health Insurance Company
Visible Breakthrough: MEGA Life and Health Insurance Company Consolidates Applications and Boosts Performance on 64-Bit Technology.
Imagine it.
The Insurance Center of The MEGA Life and Health Insurance Company ("MEGA") provides health insurance to self-employed individuals. After three years of strong growth, The Insurance Center applications couldn't keep up with the increasing number of policies and claims—performance was dropping while maintenance times and costs increased. The Insurance Center wanted to increase its capacity yet consolidate the number of servers needing support.
Done.
To that end, the company migrated its key applications to 64-bit hardware and software: Unisys ES7000 servers with Intel&<74;&<60;Itanium&<74;&<60;2 processors running Microsoft&<74;&<60;SQL Server 2000 (64-bit) on Microsoft&<74;&<60;Windows&<74;&<60;Server 2003 for Itanium-based Systems. With this solution, The Insurance Center consolidated 20 servers onto four server clusters, increased application performance at least 43 percent, improved system availability, reduced maintenance time by 100 days and cut hardware costs.
Visible Breakthrough: Positioned for Growth
Through powerful 64-bit technology and a streamlined IT environment, The Insurance Center has a robust, highly available server platform to support growing processing requirements and meet real-time business needs.
Secure Business Operation
Claims processing
Innovation Metrics
Performance: Daily load time of the IVR data has been cut from nearly 2 hours to just under 1 hour; total maintenance time has been cut from 4 hours to just under 30 minutes; and the time needed to update the IVR rules has been reduced from 26 hours to 7 hours.
Cost:&<60; The company expects to see around $1M in cost savings from reduced maintenance time and hardware costs in the first year.
Growth: Scalable platform based on 64-bit technology readily handles business growth.
Productivity: Systems management and administration is easier after consolidating 20 servers onto four server clusters.
Business Challenge: Eliminate Processing Delays and Support Growth
Dealing with rapid growth is the sort of challenge that a company doesn't mind having, and The Insurance Center of The MEGA Life and Health Insurance Company ("MEGA") is no exception. The Insurance Center is licensed to issue health and life insurance in all states but New York. Business at The Insurance Center has been booming since the turn of the millennium. The growth has been driven largely by MEGA, which provides health insurance and related products to self-employed individuals. However, quickly building an infrastructure to support that rate of expansion is a challenge, and The Insurance Center was in danger of being overwhelmed by its own success.
The Insurance Center relies on a combination of mainframe and distributed systems for its daily operations. The mainframe—running IBM z/OS—serves as the data store for insurance policies. The mainframe also hosts most of the core applications that apply the policy rules to incoming claims and determine if and at what rate the policies should be paid. In addition, The Insurance Center runs at least 47 separate applications on servers running the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server operating system and the Microsoft SQL Server 2000 database.
The two largest and most important applications are the Nortel Interactive Voice Response (IVR) and eiStream Imaging systems. The IVR application downloads policy and claim data from the mainframe and then makes it available to healthcare providers and MEGA clients over the telephone through an automated response system. The IVR application also makes the data available over the Internet at a customer self-service portal. The eiStream system stores the scanned images of paper documents and manages the workflow for The Insurance Center customer service staff.
After two years of serving an ever-increasing number of customers, the systems—and The Insurance Center's IT staff—were becoming strained. The IVR application was especially problematic. Each night, the application loaded the claims and policies processed by the mainframe that day. As The Insurance Center grew, the IVR system was loading and processing a database every night that comprised as many as 500,000 claims and policies for 300,000 customers. As a result, a process that was supposed to happen each business day within a two-hour window was frequently taking more than two hours to complete. Some processes could take as long as 26 hours to complete.
"The server for the IVR system was running at capacity every night," says Glen Whitling, Database Administrator (DBA) Manager for The Insurance Center. "The data had to be available by 6:00 A.M, and there were times that we missed the deadline."
If the mainframe extract files were not available early enough in the morning, the IVR system had to use data that was one or two days old. The delay would also complicate business analysis at The Insurance Center, requiring the company analysts to reconcile the data in the IVR system with the data on the mainframe.
Weekends provided no respite, because that was when The Insurance Center performed system maintenance—re-indexing and checking for consistency—on its eiStream Imaging databases. The tasks, which took more than four hours to complete, needed to be performed at times that would not interfere with system availability to customers and healthcare providers. "We had to start scheduling backup and maintenance times that affected image processing that needed to be complete before the next business day," says Whitling. "There were times when people needed to use the system, but because of the system maintenance, the performance was severely degraded."
The IT staff at The Insurance Center also faced a growing maintenance workload, because the furious pace of growth encouraged the company to add more server computers whenever more capacity was needed. "For a period of time, the policy was to add another server whenever we added another application," says Whitling. The result was more servers than the group could maintain easily or utilize effectively. "Some of our systems were at capacity, while others were underutilized," says Whitling. Regardless of how efficiently an individual server was being used, The Insurance Center staff had to work just as hard to maintain each one.
Finally, although The Insurance Center had backups standing by in case a server or an application failed, restoring service often required manual intervention. The large IVR and imaging systems were particularly vulnerable because they took a lot of time to return to service and because they were so integral to the company's daily operations. "If our imaging application went down, we would have to send some of the company home," says Whitling. "It would take us hours to restore the application and the databases."
Solution: Consolidation onto More Powerful Servers
The Insurance Center knew that it couldn't solve the problems it faced by adding more servers. The IT staff was already struggling to maintain the servers in use—many of which were underutilized. "What we were doing wasn't sustainable," says Whitling. "We had to figure out a way to improve our system performance, consolidate our servers, and increase availability."
The company also concluded that it couldn't simply buy servers with more powerful 32-bit processors. "Generally, our issues were less about processor speed and more about the effective utilization of memory," says Whitling. "We looked at 32-bit servers but realized that even with faster processors, system memory would still be a bottleneck. So we decided that we needed to move to 64-bit systems."
Despite the performance advantage of the 64-bit systems, the decision was not a simple one. "We took a big risk on moving to a technology that was still very new," recalls Whitling. "With the support we received from Unisys, Microsoft, and Intel&<74;, however, it was one of the better decisions we've made."
The company knew that it wanted to continue using systems running the Microsoft Windows Server operating system and SQL Server 2000, which are part of Windows Server System integrated server software. Although The Insurance Center evaluated hardware from several hardware vendors, the group chose Unisys after Unisys prepared and executed a five-week proof of concept in July 2003. Unisys and The Insurance Center tested the IVR and imaging applications on ES7000 Aries 130 servers with four Intel&<74; Itanium&<74; 2 processors. The servers ran Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition for Itanium-based Systems and SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition (64-bit).
The Unisys consultants really understood and supported what we were trying to do. They helped us take the theories we had and prove them out in the real world.Glen WhitlingDatabase Administrator (DBA) ManagerThe Insurance Center
The results were dramatic. Even though the Itanium&<74; 2 processors ran at a lower clock speed than that of the four-way, 32-bit Intel&<74; Xeon&<74; processor clusters that The Insurance Center had been using, the test systems ran almost all of the applications and procedures an average of 35 percent faster. The one glaring exception was the IVR rules process: The new systems cut the time 74 percent, from 26 hours to 7 hours. “The Unisys consultants really understood and supported what we were trying to do," says Whitling. "They helped us take the theories we had and prove them out in the real world."On the basis of the successful proof of concept, The Insurance Center purchased nine ES7000 Aries 410 servers. Each server has eight Itanium 2 processors and runs Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition for Itanium-based Systems and SQL Server 2000 (64-bit). The company reserved one server as an internal development environment and configured the other eight into four active/ passive clusters, each cluster consisting of one active and one passive server.
The company installed its IVR application on one cluster, installed its imaging application on a second cluster, and then consolidated the applications running on 18 other servers onto the other two clusters. The nine servers are connected to EMC Symmetrix DMX networked storage systems through a storage area network.
The deployment started in November 2003, and the system went into full operation in January 2004.
Results: Cost-Effective, Better-Performing IT Infrastructure
By moving to Unisys systems running Intel&<74; Itanium&<74; processors and SQL Server 2000 (64-bit), The Insurance Center was able to increase the performance of its key applications—in some cases, processes are now running four times as fast as before. The Insurance Center was also able to consolidate 18 servers down to 4, significantly reducing both hardware costs and maintenance time.
Application performance increased by at least 43 percent
The new hardware and software dramatically boosted the performance of The Insurance Center's applications. The improvement varied depending on the application or process but ranged from 43 percent to nearly 400 percent. Specifically, the daily load time of the IVR data has been cut from nearly 2 hours to just under 1 hour, the total maintenance time has been cut from 4 hours to just under 30 minutes, and the time needed to update the IVR rules has been reduced from 26 hours to 7 hours. "Working with Unisys, Microsoft, and Intel&<74; to move our systems to 64-bit has increased both our application performance and our efficiency," says Whitling.
Savings of more than U.S.$1 million expected
The server consolidation has significantly affected the company's bottom line. As a result of the project, The Insurance Center expects to see an initial savings of around U.S.$234,000 and year one savings of $802,000 for a non-redundant environment or $1,600,000 for a redundant environment. In addition, the company expects a return on its investment in little over a year.
Maintenance and hardware costs reduced
The increased performance of the Itanium&<74; 2-based systems has enabled The Insurance Center to consolidate applications running on 18 individual servers onto two active/passive SQL Server 2000 clusters.
That consolidation has reduced the IT department's workload by 100 days per year, permitting staff to spend less time on maintenance and administration and more time on developing and tuning applications. "Consolidating our servers has relieved the burden on my staff," says Whitling. "It's much easier to manage 27 servers than it is to manage 47 servers."
The performance of our 64-bit systems has saved us from needing to buy 10 to 15 servers since the deployment.Glen WhitlingDatabase Administrator (DBA) ManagerThe Insurance Center
In addition, the increased performance afforded by the Unisys servers running Itanium&<74; 2 processors has enabled The Insurance Center to install new applications on the servers it has, rather than buy additional hardware. "The performance of our 64-bit systems has saved us from needing to buy 10 to 15 servers since the deployment," says Whitling.
System availability improved through server clustering
The Insurance Center has significantly increased the availability of its applications by installing them on active/passive nodes running SQL Server 2000 (64-bit); if the active server experiences trouble, the system automatically fails over to the backup server. The transition takes seconds, and the applications are available without interruption. "We lost a memory module on one of the servers, and we didn't even know it until the next morning," says Whitling. "That server failed over, and the applications continued running."
64-bit platform provides capacity for future expansion
In addition to building a system that meets its current needs, The Insurance Center has used components from Microsoft, Unisys, and Intel&<74; to design a solution that provides plenty of room for growth.
With Microsoft, Unisys, and Intel&<74;, we built a long-lasting solution that will help us maintain a strong competitive position, while keeping our IT costs under control.Glen WhitlingDatabase Administrator (DBA) ManagerThe Insurance Center
"The Itanium&<74; 2 processors give us extra capacity," says Whitling. "They're more powerful and can manipulate more data than our old CPUs could. That added functionality, combined with the ability to upgrade the Unisys ES7000 servers, positions us best for the long term. With Microsoft, Unisys, and Intel&<74;, we built a long-lasting solution that will help us maintain a strong competitive position, while keeping our IT costs under control."
Whitling also cites the progress that Microsoft has made in 64-bit software. "The maturity of the 64-bit versions of Windows Server 2003 and SQL Server 2000 allows us to reevaluate our mainframe environment," says Whitling. "The software has grown into an enterprise-level solution."
The Relationship: Leveraging Partner Know-How
By working with Unisys, Microsoft, and Intel&<74;, The Insurance Center was able to transition to the new systems in a matter of weeks. The company was able to streamline its IT environment, achieve cost savings, and minimize risks associated with the project. "Unisys came in and was a part of the group," says Whitling. "There were setbacks and things that didn't go as planned, but Unisys, Microsoft, and Intel&<74; helped us put together an excellent solution for the long term."
The Insurance Center also welcomed the assistance that the three companies provided in designing the new system. "This was our first wide-scale implementation of clusters," says Whitling. "Unisys and Microsoft helped us develop our skills and understand how to build highly available systems."
Imagine it.
The Insurance Center of The MEGA Life and Health Insurance Company ("MEGA") provides health insurance to self-employed individuals. After three years of strong growth, The Insurance Center applications couldn't keep up with the increasing number of policies and claims—performance was dropping while maintenance times and costs increased. The Insurance Center wanted to increase its capacity yet consolidate the number of servers needing support.
Done.
To that end, the company migrated its key applications to 64-bit hardware and software: Unisys ES7000 servers with Intel&<74;&<60;Itanium&<74;&<60;2 processors running Microsoft&<74;&<60;SQL Server 2000 (64-bit) on Microsoft&<74;&<60;Windows&<74;&<60;Server 2003 for Itanium-based Systems. With this solution, The Insurance Center consolidated 20 servers onto four server clusters, increased application performance at least 43 percent, improved system availability, reduced maintenance time by 100 days and cut hardware costs.
Visible Breakthrough: Positioned for Growth
Through powerful 64-bit technology and a streamlined IT environment, The Insurance Center has a robust, highly available server platform to support growing processing requirements and meet real-time business needs.
Secure Business Operation
Claims processing
Innovation Metrics
Performance: Daily load time of the IVR data has been cut from nearly 2 hours to just under 1 hour; total maintenance time has been cut from 4 hours to just under 30 minutes; and the time needed to update the IVR rules has been reduced from 26 hours to 7 hours.
Cost:&<60; The company expects to see around $1M in cost savings from reduced maintenance time and hardware costs in the first year.
Growth: Scalable platform based on 64-bit technology readily handles business growth.
Productivity: Systems management and administration is easier after consolidating 20 servers onto four server clusters.
Business Challenge: Eliminate Processing Delays and Support Growth
Dealing with rapid growth is the sort of challenge that a company doesn't mind having, and The Insurance Center of The MEGA Life and Health Insurance Company ("MEGA") is no exception. The Insurance Center is licensed to issue health and life insurance in all states but New York. Business at The Insurance Center has been booming since the turn of the millennium. The growth has been driven largely by MEGA, which provides health insurance and related products to self-employed individuals. However, quickly building an infrastructure to support that rate of expansion is a challenge, and The Insurance Center was in danger of being overwhelmed by its own success.
The Insurance Center relies on a combination of mainframe and distributed systems for its daily operations. The mainframe—running IBM z/OS—serves as the data store for insurance policies. The mainframe also hosts most of the core applications that apply the policy rules to incoming claims and determine if and at what rate the policies should be paid. In addition, The Insurance Center runs at least 47 separate applications on servers running the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server operating system and the Microsoft SQL Server 2000 database.
The two largest and most important applications are the Nortel Interactive Voice Response (IVR) and eiStream Imaging systems. The IVR application downloads policy and claim data from the mainframe and then makes it available to healthcare providers and MEGA clients over the telephone through an automated response system. The IVR application also makes the data available over the Internet at a customer self-service portal. The eiStream system stores the scanned images of paper documents and manages the workflow for The Insurance Center customer service staff.
After two years of serving an ever-increasing number of customers, the systems—and The Insurance Center's IT staff—were becoming strained. The IVR application was especially problematic. Each night, the application loaded the claims and policies processed by the mainframe that day. As The Insurance Center grew, the IVR system was loading and processing a database every night that comprised as many as 500,000 claims and policies for 300,000 customers. As a result, a process that was supposed to happen each business day within a two-hour window was frequently taking more than two hours to complete. Some processes could take as long as 26 hours to complete.
"The server for the IVR system was running at capacity every night," says Glen Whitling, Database Administrator (DBA) Manager for The Insurance Center. "The data had to be available by 6:00 A.M, and there were times that we missed the deadline."
If the mainframe extract files were not available early enough in the morning, the IVR system had to use data that was one or two days old. The delay would also complicate business analysis at The Insurance Center, requiring the company analysts to reconcile the data in the IVR system with the data on the mainframe.
Weekends provided no respite, because that was when The Insurance Center performed system maintenance—re-indexing and checking for consistency—on its eiStream Imaging databases. The tasks, which took more than four hours to complete, needed to be performed at times that would not interfere with system availability to customers and healthcare providers. "We had to start scheduling backup and maintenance times that affected image processing that needed to be complete before the next business day," says Whitling. "There were times when people needed to use the system, but because of the system maintenance, the performance was severely degraded."
The IT staff at The Insurance Center also faced a growing maintenance workload, because the furious pace of growth encouraged the company to add more server computers whenever more capacity was needed. "For a period of time, the policy was to add another server whenever we added another application," says Whitling. The result was more servers than the group could maintain easily or utilize effectively. "Some of our systems were at capacity, while others were underutilized," says Whitling. Regardless of how efficiently an individual server was being used, The Insurance Center staff had to work just as hard to maintain each one.
Finally, although The Insurance Center had backups standing by in case a server or an application failed, restoring service often required manual intervention. The large IVR and imaging systems were particularly vulnerable because they took a lot of time to return to service and because they were so integral to the company's daily operations. "If our imaging application went down, we would have to send some of the company home," says Whitling. "It would take us hours to restore the application and the databases."
Solution: Consolidation onto More Powerful Servers
The Insurance Center knew that it couldn't solve the problems it faced by adding more servers. The IT staff was already struggling to maintain the servers in use—many of which were underutilized. "What we were doing wasn't sustainable," says Whitling. "We had to figure out a way to improve our system performance, consolidate our servers, and increase availability."
The company also concluded that it couldn't simply buy servers with more powerful 32-bit processors. "Generally, our issues were less about processor speed and more about the effective utilization of memory," says Whitling. "We looked at 32-bit servers but realized that even with faster processors, system memory would still be a bottleneck. So we decided that we needed to move to 64-bit systems."
Despite the performance advantage of the 64-bit systems, the decision was not a simple one. "We took a big risk on moving to a technology that was still very new," recalls Whitling. "With the support we received from Unisys, Microsoft, and Intel&<74;, however, it was one of the better decisions we've made."
The company knew that it wanted to continue using systems running the Microsoft Windows Server operating system and SQL Server 2000, which are part of Windows Server System integrated server software. Although The Insurance Center evaluated hardware from several hardware vendors, the group chose Unisys after Unisys prepared and executed a five-week proof of concept in July 2003. Unisys and The Insurance Center tested the IVR and imaging applications on ES7000 Aries 130 servers with four Intel&<74; Itanium&<74; 2 processors. The servers ran Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition for Itanium-based Systems and SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition (64-bit).
The Unisys consultants really understood and supported what we were trying to do. They helped us take the theories we had and prove them out in the real world.Glen WhitlingDatabase Administrator (DBA) ManagerThe Insurance Center
The results were dramatic. Even though the Itanium&<74; 2 processors ran at a lower clock speed than that of the four-way, 32-bit Intel&<74; Xeon&<74; processor clusters that The Insurance Center had been using, the test systems ran almost all of the applications and procedures an average of 35 percent faster. The one glaring exception was the IVR rules process: The new systems cut the time 74 percent, from 26 hours to 7 hours. “The Unisys consultants really understood and supported what we were trying to do," says Whitling. "They helped us take the theories we had and prove them out in the real world."On the basis of the successful proof of concept, The Insurance Center purchased nine ES7000 Aries 410 servers. Each server has eight Itanium 2 processors and runs Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition for Itanium-based Systems and SQL Server 2000 (64-bit). The company reserved one server as an internal development environment and configured the other eight into four active/ passive clusters, each cluster consisting of one active and one passive server.
The company installed its IVR application on one cluster, installed its imaging application on a second cluster, and then consolidated the applications running on 18 other servers onto the other two clusters. The nine servers are connected to EMC Symmetrix DMX networked storage systems through a storage area network.
The deployment started in November 2003, and the system went into full operation in January 2004.
Results: Cost-Effective, Better-Performing IT Infrastructure
By moving to Unisys systems running Intel&<74; Itanium&<74; processors and SQL Server 2000 (64-bit), The Insurance Center was able to increase the performance of its key applications—in some cases, processes are now running four times as fast as before. The Insurance Center was also able to consolidate 18 servers down to 4, significantly reducing both hardware costs and maintenance time.
Application performance increased by at least 43 percent
The new hardware and software dramatically boosted the performance of The Insurance Center's applications. The improvement varied depending on the application or process but ranged from 43 percent to nearly 400 percent. Specifically, the daily load time of the IVR data has been cut from nearly 2 hours to just under 1 hour, the total maintenance time has been cut from 4 hours to just under 30 minutes, and the time needed to update the IVR rules has been reduced from 26 hours to 7 hours. "Working with Unisys, Microsoft, and Intel&<74; to move our systems to 64-bit has increased both our application performance and our efficiency," says Whitling.
Savings of more than U.S.$1 million expected
The server consolidation has significantly affected the company's bottom line. As a result of the project, The Insurance Center expects to see an initial savings of around U.S.$234,000 and year one savings of $802,000 for a non-redundant environment or $1,600,000 for a redundant environment. In addition, the company expects a return on its investment in little over a year.
Maintenance and hardware costs reduced
The increased performance of the Itanium&<74; 2-based systems has enabled The Insurance Center to consolidate applications running on 18 individual servers onto two active/passive SQL Server 2000 clusters.
That consolidation has reduced the IT department's workload by 100 days per year, permitting staff to spend less time on maintenance and administration and more time on developing and tuning applications. "Consolidating our servers has relieved the burden on my staff," says Whitling. "It's much easier to manage 27 servers than it is to manage 47 servers."
The performance of our 64-bit systems has saved us from needing to buy 10 to 15 servers since the deployment.Glen WhitlingDatabase Administrator (DBA) ManagerThe Insurance Center
In addition, the increased performance afforded by the Unisys servers running Itanium&<74; 2 processors has enabled The Insurance Center to install new applications on the servers it has, rather than buy additional hardware. "The performance of our 64-bit systems has saved us from needing to buy 10 to 15 servers since the deployment," says Whitling.
System availability improved through server clustering
The Insurance Center has significantly increased the availability of its applications by installing them on active/passive nodes running SQL Server 2000 (64-bit); if the active server experiences trouble, the system automatically fails over to the backup server. The transition takes seconds, and the applications are available without interruption. "We lost a memory module on one of the servers, and we didn't even know it until the next morning," says Whitling. "That server failed over, and the applications continued running."
64-bit platform provides capacity for future expansion
In addition to building a system that meets its current needs, The Insurance Center has used components from Microsoft, Unisys, and Intel&<74; to design a solution that provides plenty of room for growth.
With Microsoft, Unisys, and Intel&<74;, we built a long-lasting solution that will help us maintain a strong competitive position, while keeping our IT costs under control.Glen WhitlingDatabase Administrator (DBA) ManagerThe Insurance Center
"The Itanium&<74; 2 processors give us extra capacity," says Whitling. "They're more powerful and can manipulate more data than our old CPUs could. That added functionality, combined with the ability to upgrade the Unisys ES7000 servers, positions us best for the long term. With Microsoft, Unisys, and Intel&<74;, we built a long-lasting solution that will help us maintain a strong competitive position, while keeping our IT costs under control."
Whitling also cites the progress that Microsoft has made in 64-bit software. "The maturity of the 64-bit versions of Windows Server 2003 and SQL Server 2000 allows us to reevaluate our mainframe environment," says Whitling. "The software has grown into an enterprise-level solution."
The Relationship: Leveraging Partner Know-How
By working with Unisys, Microsoft, and Intel&<74;, The Insurance Center was able to transition to the new systems in a matter of weeks. The company was able to streamline its IT environment, achieve cost savings, and minimize risks associated with the project. "Unisys came in and was a part of the group," says Whitling. "There were setbacks and things that didn't go as planned, but Unisys, Microsoft, and Intel&<74; helped us put together an excellent solution for the long term."
The Insurance Center also welcomed the assistance that the three companies provided in designing the new system. "This was our first wide-scale implementation of clusters," says Whitling. "Unisys and Microsoft helped us develop our skills and understand how to build highly available systems."
about Lexington Law firm
Lexington Law firm has pioneered credit repair services over the Internet. They have been repairing credit for many years and have a select group of experienced attorney's who do nothing but credit repair. They've helped over 300,000 Americans repair their credit by removing inaccurate, misleading, or unverifiable items from their credit reports. From bankruptcies to charge-offs to tax liens, they have challenged virtually every credit problem under the sun. They're good at what they do because they believe in their work, because they enjoy what they do and they're committed to their clients. And that means they get you results you can count on, results that can literally turn your life around. Lexington Law Firm ignited the consumer credit repair revolution in 1991 with its off-line credit repair services, and reinvented the consumer credit repair process in 1997 with its eClient service. Lexington is committed to providing the best and most effective credit repair solutions to consumers through its innovative credit repair and Internet offerings.
Their service is engineered from the ground up with credit repair in mind. As a client you will find that they leverage their entire arsenal of credit repair experience and powerful strategies on your behalf. No-compromise credit repair is what they offer. The results are nothing short of amazing. But don’t just take our word for it — take a look at their statistics. They speak for themselves.
Guarantee: Our service is backed by a warranty which entitles you to some or all of your money back if enough disputed items aren’t deleted. You won’t pay for ineffective service. If we can’t deliver, you won’t get charged.
Cancel anytime: There’s no contractual obligation whatsoever. You are free to cancel the service at any time without penalty.
Unlimited deletions: Some companies charge per deletion per bureau, which means you get charged three times for each and every deletion. That’s just plain exploitative. Our staff produces deletions around the clock at no additional cost.
No hidden fees: No matter how hard you look you won’t find any hidden fees in the fine print. Because there is no fine print. One low monthly charge covers the full gamut of our service, and you never have to worry about charges sneaking up on you.
Want more proof?See for yourself by viewing their stats. Lexington Law specializes in credit repair day in and day out. By providing experienced attorney's they can battle the credit bureaus for you and save you time and stress. Of course you can attempt your own credit repair but why would you when the experienced lawyers at Lexington can do if with better results.
Their service is engineered from the ground up with credit repair in mind. As a client you will find that they leverage their entire arsenal of credit repair experience and powerful strategies on your behalf. No-compromise credit repair is what they offer. The results are nothing short of amazing. But don’t just take our word for it — take a look at their statistics. They speak for themselves.
Guarantee: Our service is backed by a warranty which entitles you to some or all of your money back if enough disputed items aren’t deleted. You won’t pay for ineffective service. If we can’t deliver, you won’t get charged.
Cancel anytime: There’s no contractual obligation whatsoever. You are free to cancel the service at any time without penalty.
Unlimited deletions: Some companies charge per deletion per bureau, which means you get charged three times for each and every deletion. That’s just plain exploitative. Our staff produces deletions around the clock at no additional cost.
No hidden fees: No matter how hard you look you won’t find any hidden fees in the fine print. Because there is no fine print. One low monthly charge covers the full gamut of our service, and you never have to worry about charges sneaking up on you.
Want more proof?See for yourself by viewing their stats. Lexington Law specializes in credit repair day in and day out. By providing experienced attorney's they can battle the credit bureaus for you and save you time and stress. Of course you can attempt your own credit repair but why would you when the experienced lawyers at Lexington can do if with better results.
lexington law firm
Lexington Law firm has pioneered credit repair services over the Internet. They have been repairing credit for many years and have a select group of experienced attorney's who do nothing but credit repair. They've helped over 300,000 Americans repair their credit by removing inaccurate, misleading, or unverifiable items from their credit reports. From bankruptcies to charge-offs to tax liens, they have challenged virtually every credit problem under the sun. They're good at what they do because they believe in their work, because they enjoy what they do and they're committed to their clients. And that means they get you results you can count on, results that can literally turn your life around.Lexington Law Firm ignited the consumer credit repair revolution in 1991 with its off-line credit repair services, and reinvented the consumer credit repair process in 1997 with its eClient service. Lexington is committed to providing the best and most effective credit repair solutions to consumers through its innovative credit repair and Internet offerings.
Their service is engineered from the ground up with credit repair in mind. As a client you will find that they leverage their entire arsenal of credit repair experience and powerful strategies on your behalf. No-compromise credit repair is what they offer. The results are nothing short of amazing. But don’t just take our word for it — take a look at their statistics. They speak for themselves.
Guarantee: Our service is backed by a warranty which entitles you to some or all of your money back if enough disputed items aren’t deleted. You won’t pay for ineffective service. If we can’t deliver, you won’t get charged.
Cancel anytime: There’s no contractual obligation whatsoever. You are free to cancel the service at any time without penalty.
Unlimited deletions: Some companies charge per deletion per bureau, which means you get charged three times for each and every deletion. That’s just plain exploitative. Our staff produces deletions around the clock at no additional cost.
No hidden fees: No matter how hard you look you won’t find any hidden fees in the fine print. Because there is no fine print. One low monthly charge covers the full gamut of our service, and you never have to worry about charges sneaking up on you.
Want more proof?See for yourself by viewing their stats. Lexington Law specializes in credit repair day in and day out. By providing experienced attorney's they can battle the credit bureaus for you and save you time and stress. Of course you can attempt your own credit repair but why would you when the experienced lawyers at Lexington can do if with better results.
Their service is engineered from the ground up with credit repair in mind. As a client you will find that they leverage their entire arsenal of credit repair experience and powerful strategies on your behalf. No-compromise credit repair is what they offer. The results are nothing short of amazing. But don’t just take our word for it — take a look at their statistics. They speak for themselves.
Guarantee: Our service is backed by a warranty which entitles you to some or all of your money back if enough disputed items aren’t deleted. You won’t pay for ineffective service. If we can’t deliver, you won’t get charged.
Cancel anytime: There’s no contractual obligation whatsoever. You are free to cancel the service at any time without penalty.
Unlimited deletions: Some companies charge per deletion per bureau, which means you get charged three times for each and every deletion. That’s just plain exploitative. Our staff produces deletions around the clock at no additional cost.
No hidden fees: No matter how hard you look you won’t find any hidden fees in the fine print. Because there is no fine print. One low monthly charge covers the full gamut of our service, and you never have to worry about charges sneaking up on you.
Want more proof?See for yourself by viewing their stats. Lexington Law specializes in credit repair day in and day out. By providing experienced attorney's they can battle the credit bureaus for you and save you time and stress. Of course you can attempt your own credit repair but why would you when the experienced lawyers at Lexington can do if with better results.
Pleural mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma is pleural primary tumor, localized (mostly benign) and diffuse (all malignant) Points. One of diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the chest tumor one of the worst prognosis. The majority of patients in the 40-70 age Among men more than women. The first symptoms chest pain, cough and shortness of breath is the most common. Also in fever, sweating or joint pain symptoms mainly v. Persons. About half of these patients with massive pleural effusion serious shortness of breath. Chest pain without substantial pleural effusion, often more drama Ranariddh, weight loss common. Ordinary X-ray found pleural effusion, pulmonary tumor tissue was wrapped, late There are cases of pericardial effusion caused the heart to expand and Ying Ying and soft tissue damage and ribs. The suspected malignant pleural mesothelioma patients, CT is most useful. Cytological examination of pleural fluid also helped consultation Broken. Routine laboratory tests, some patients can increase platelet serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) increased Etc.. The checks can clear diagnosis can be done thoracoscopy pleural biopsy. Most patients can generally This was the diagnosis. The treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma is still no effective cure method. Treatment methods, a palliative In treatment, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the tumor is generally believed that the relative limitations of the Phase I People do advocate radical resection of the lung pleura. For II, III, IV stage patients, radical surgery has no significance The only implementation of palliative surgery. In fact, the majority of patients to disease diagnosis, is in Phase II to On. The rapid growth in patients with pleural effusion often lead to serious breathing difficulties, palliative surgery for raising these nights The quality of life of patients is of great significance. Previous intrathoracic dissipated injection of chemotherapy drugs to pleural effusion or Locking adhesion method often effective. Peritoneal Mesothelioma Peritoneal mesothelioma is the primary peritoneal mesothelial cells in the tumor. A clinical performance characteristics of the common symptoms And signs are: abdominal pain, ascites, abdominal distention and abdominal mass,. Peritoneal mesothelioma about all mesothelioma cases 20% can occur in 2-92 years, with an average age of 54 years, of which about 63% of cases in 45 -- Between the age of 64, children are rarely sick. Clinical manifestations 1. Abdominal pain, bloating, ascites, abdominal mass; 2. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation; 3. Weak, Fever, weight loss, anemia; 4. Hypoglycemia, diffuse abdominal ossification; 5. As with other parts of peritoneal mesothelioma Mesothelioma, transferring organs and other complications corresponding performance. Diagnosis 1. Abdominal pain, bloating, ascites, abdominal mass in patients, especially the history of asbestos exposure; 2. Imaging examination of peritoneal A thin sheet signs and ascites tumor; 3. Ascites cytology screening; 4. Peritoneal biopsy, laparoscopy and laparotomy Exploration and admission to the Organization for pathological examination confirmed. Peritoneal mesothelioma originated in the epithelium and peritoneal mesothelial organizations, pathogenic material for the asbestos dust, some viruses can be Mesothelioma is caused reasons. Peritoneal mesothelioma pathology can be divided into: adenomatoid tumors, cystic mesothelioma and malignant Three of the skin. Peritoneal mesothelioma is not specific clinical performance, the positive rate is not high, specificity is not strong, The clinical diagnosis is difficult. With laparoscopy, ultrasound and CT-guided biopsy in technology and Pathology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy diagnosis level increases, more and more cases had been prescribed or preoperative Indeed the pathological diagnosis. Peritoneal mesothelioma mainly with tuberculous peritonitis, intra-abdominal metastases, in the abdominal other primary Membrane omentum of the tumor differentiation.
Natural Asbestos Causes Health Concern
June 4th, 2008
A park in California has had almost half its 75,000 acres shut to the public after high levels of naturally occurring asbestos was found. The asbestos is in the soil at the park, and can become airborne with normal activities.
A central California park has shut half its site down to the public after high levels of asbestos were found in the soil. The asbestos is naturally found in the soil of the park, and activities such as hiking, biking and riding recreational vehicles can cause the material to become airborne. Nearly 31,000 acres of the park was closed after findings from air tests were reviewed as a precaution due to the possibility of airborne asbestos.
Asbestos in its natural form normally does not pose a health threat to the public unless the ground is disturbed. In heavy traffic areas, such as hiking and off-road trails, the material can break apart and become airborne. Airborne asbestos exposure has been known to cause illnesses like asbestosis and mesothelioma. Mesothelioma, a type of deadly lung cancer, can take years to diagnose and is often terminal at the time of detection. Two meetings are planned during the summer to address the asbestos issue.
A park in California has had almost half its 75,000 acres shut to the public after high levels of naturally occurring asbestos was found. The asbestos is in the soil at the park, and can become airborne with normal activities.
A central California park has shut half its site down to the public after high levels of asbestos were found in the soil. The asbestos is naturally found in the soil of the park, and activities such as hiking, biking and riding recreational vehicles can cause the material to become airborne. Nearly 31,000 acres of the park was closed after findings from air tests were reviewed as a precaution due to the possibility of airborne asbestos.
Asbestos in its natural form normally does not pose a health threat to the public unless the ground is disturbed. In heavy traffic areas, such as hiking and off-road trails, the material can break apart and become airborne. Airborne asbestos exposure has been known to cause illnesses like asbestosis and mesothelioma. Mesothelioma, a type of deadly lung cancer, can take years to diagnose and is often terminal at the time of detection. Two meetings are planned during the summer to address the asbestos issue.
what is Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is one of the deadliest diseases known to man; the average life span of an inflicted person from the time of diagnosis until death is less than 24 months. It’s a disease that strikes approximately 3,000 United States citizens each and every year; hard working people who have labored for a lifetime to provide for their families, doing the work that keeps this country running and a great place to live. They worked in factories, at shipyards, in mines, for the US military, as engineers, as pipefitters, as steel workers, as auto mechanics, and in so many other professions. They came home to their loved ones exhausted and covered in dirt and dust; tired, but content that they had a job and were providing for their family. Content that they were putting food on the table and a house over their loved one’s heads. Content that they were working to make a better life for their families in this generation and the next...
But what they didn’t know was that while they were working so hard, they were not only slowly killing themselves, but those that they were working so hard to help; their family, their loved ones.
Mesothelioma is a disease that is almost 100% preventable; the only known cause is via exposure to the deadly mineral Asbestos. It comes from inhaling the particles of dust as the asbestos degrades; eating away at the lining of your lungs and developing into a deadly cancer. Dust that was inhaled in clouds of white powder, dust that was carried home on the clothes of the men who built this country, dust that was cleaned from the clothes by the wives and children who supported their sole provider at home, dust that was packed around the heating systems in houses and offices and schools, dust that carried a deadly price; and dust made a fortune in blood money for the companies that produced it.
Unfortunately, the effects of asbestos on the human body were known to be deadly for years by the companies who employed the ‘greatest generation’ and made hundreds of millions, if not billions, of dollars off of their backs. But instead of taking simple steps to alleviate the problem and save the lives of thousands of their workers, they choose to do nothing and continue to make a “healthy” profit with a “deadly” product. Many even went so far as to hide the truth from their workers and their families. And because the normal latency period for Mesothelioma (The time from exposure until the patient falls ill) is 20 to 30 years, many got away with this for years. We are only now beginning to see the full effects of the disease, and feel the terrible outcry of the people against those who put profits before human lives to a degree that is simply unfathomable.
MesoLink.org is a site created to provide you with up to date information on the deadly disease Mesothelioma. We strive to provide the most complete overview of the disease and all aspects of it. This includes general information on the disease, breaking news on the search for a cure and perspective legislation designed to limit you as well as all other news on the subject, links to other sites and online resources that can provide important and in-depth Mesothelioma and cancer related information, and a legal guide to help you with the complex legal issues involved with Mesothelioma.
But what they didn’t know was that while they were working so hard, they were not only slowly killing themselves, but those that they were working so hard to help; their family, their loved ones.
Mesothelioma is a disease that is almost 100% preventable; the only known cause is via exposure to the deadly mineral Asbestos. It comes from inhaling the particles of dust as the asbestos degrades; eating away at the lining of your lungs and developing into a deadly cancer. Dust that was inhaled in clouds of white powder, dust that was carried home on the clothes of the men who built this country, dust that was cleaned from the clothes by the wives and children who supported their sole provider at home, dust that was packed around the heating systems in houses and offices and schools, dust that carried a deadly price; and dust made a fortune in blood money for the companies that produced it.
Unfortunately, the effects of asbestos on the human body were known to be deadly for years by the companies who employed the ‘greatest generation’ and made hundreds of millions, if not billions, of dollars off of their backs. But instead of taking simple steps to alleviate the problem and save the lives of thousands of their workers, they choose to do nothing and continue to make a “healthy” profit with a “deadly” product. Many even went so far as to hide the truth from their workers and their families. And because the normal latency period for Mesothelioma (The time from exposure until the patient falls ill) is 20 to 30 years, many got away with this for years. We are only now beginning to see the full effects of the disease, and feel the terrible outcry of the people against those who put profits before human lives to a degree that is simply unfathomable.
MesoLink.org is a site created to provide you with up to date information on the deadly disease Mesothelioma. We strive to provide the most complete overview of the disease and all aspects of it. This includes general information on the disease, breaking news on the search for a cure and perspective legislation designed to limit you as well as all other news on the subject, links to other sites and online resources that can provide important and in-depth Mesothelioma and cancer related information, and a legal guide to help you with the complex legal issues involved with Mesothelioma.
about Point of sale software
Keystroke POS Point Of Sale Software System - Home PageKeystroke POS Point Of Sale Software System - Home Page Of The Specialized Business Solutions Web Site.
POS Software & Systems Group - Point Of Sale Software, Hardware ...Provides pos software and systems to retail, restaurant, and rental businesses.
Retail Plus POS Software - Affordable Point of Sales & Inventory ...Point of sale software with inventory control, sales tracking, invoicing, purchase orders, client database and support for various POS devices. [Win 95/98/NT/DOS]
Point of Sale Hardware and Software - pointofsale.comPOSitive Software Company: POS software solutions for your business.
Inventory Control / Point of Sale SoftwareAtrex Inventory Control/Point of Sale for Win 95/98/NT/2000/XP.
Welcome to Microbiz.com, Point of Sale software and hardware for ...Popular Windows based POS system targeted towards smaller hardgoods retailers.
Point of Sale Software: pos software, pos sales system, retail and ...The Capterra Point of Sale Software Directory helps IT buyers find, compare, and research Point of Sale software solutions.
Point of Sale (POS) Software Page 1The software in this section is primarily for the business user. Home users will also find much that is useful. Included in this section are Personal Information Managers, Accounting software, Investor's tools and much more.
Plexis POS Software / Point Of Sale SoftwareOffers software for Windows 98, NT, and Windows 2000. Includes support faq, downloadable demonstration and manual.
Retail/Wholesale Software SolutionThai company offers point of sale management software and restaurant management software solutions.
POS Software & Systems Group - Point Of Sale Software, Hardware ...Provides pos software and systems to retail, restaurant, and rental businesses.
Retail Plus POS Software - Affordable Point of Sales & Inventory ...Point of sale software with inventory control, sales tracking, invoicing, purchase orders, client database and support for various POS devices. [Win 95/98/NT/DOS]
Point of Sale Hardware and Software - pointofsale.comPOSitive Software Company: POS software solutions for your business.
Inventory Control / Point of Sale SoftwareAtrex Inventory Control/Point of Sale for Win 95/98/NT/2000/XP.
Welcome to Microbiz.com, Point of Sale software and hardware for ...Popular Windows based POS system targeted towards smaller hardgoods retailers.
Point of Sale Software: pos software, pos sales system, retail and ...The Capterra Point of Sale Software Directory helps IT buyers find, compare, and research Point of Sale software solutions.
Point of Sale (POS) Software Page 1The software in this section is primarily for the business user. Home users will also find much that is useful. Included in this section are Personal Information Managers, Accounting software, Investor's tools and much more.
Plexis POS Software / Point Of Sale SoftwareOffers software for Windows 98, NT, and Windows 2000. Includes support faq, downloadable demonstration and manual.
Retail/Wholesale Software SolutionThai company offers point of sale management software and restaurant management software solutions.
What is Point of Sale?
What is Point of Sale?
POS stands for Point Of Sale. This is a rather broad definition that can include merchandising aids, displays and the methods used to enable transactions. In our case, we're talking about the hardware and software that runs both the front counter and back office operations of a business.
For a small gift store, a basic POS system would consist of a computer, cash drawer, barcode scanner, receipt printer and the appropriate POS software. A service organization, like a lawn care company, wouldn't need a cash drawer or a receipt printer. But they might want a laser printer for their service invoices. Again, you have the flexibility to easily customize a POS system for your particular business.
The heart of any POS system is the computer (or computers) that runs the POS software. We understand the temptation to use an older computer or maybe one of the really low cost models available through the "superstores". But remember, once up and running, your business will be depending on this equipment, so a good quality computer is important. For example, all of our custom built-systems use high quality, name brand parts and will work reliably for years. The same advice goes for all the other components. A basic cash drawer will get the job done, but the heavy duty models really are built better and will last longer. CCD barcode scanners are more reliable than the old pencil type wands, but they're still designed to work with flat, easy to read barcodes. Laser scanners not only have a greater range, but the laser can wrap around bottles, bags or follow irregular shapes much better than the CCD models. Printer technology is also improving. The workhorse of the industry used to be dot-matrix printers, and they're still fairly popular, but thermal technology is faster, quieter and reasonably priced. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS's), or battery back-ups, are affordably priced and will keep you up and running during power glitches or short outages. Remember, your business will be depending on this equipment. If you're going to be using it a lot, spend the extra money and get the heavy duty models and UPS's.
POS system not only gives you control over your transactions, it also puts a wealth of information at your finger tips. Imagine being able to compare year to date and month to date sales with just a few keystrokes. A database of your customers can be a powerful marketing tool. A POS system can also track your inventory, automatically creating order lists as needed, even adjusting quantities for seasonal demand. In short, a POS system helps you keep a constant eye on your bottom line.
What is Point of Sale?
POS stands for Point Of Sale. This is a rather broad definition that can include merchandising aids, displays and the methods used to enable transactions. In our case, we're talking about the hardware and software that runs both the front counter and back office operations of a business.
For a small gift store, a basic POS system would consist of a computer, cash drawer, barcode scanner, receipt printer and the appropriate POS software. A service organization, like a lawn care company, wouldn't need a cash drawer or a receipt printer. But they might want a laser printer for their service invoices. Again, you have the flexibility to easily customize a POS system for your particular business.
The heart of any POS system is the computer (or computers) that runs the POS software. We understand the temptation to use an older computer or maybe one of the really low cost models available through the "superstores". But remember, once up and running, your business will be depending on this equipment, so a good quality computer is important. For example, all of our custom built-systems use high quality, name brand parts and will work reliably for years. The same advice goes for all the other components. A basic cash drawer will get the job done, but the heavy duty models really are built better and will last longer. CCD barcode scanners are more reliable than the old pencil type wands, but they're still designed to work with flat, easy to read barcodes. Laser scanners not only have a greater range, but the laser can wrap around bottles, bags or follow irregular shapes much better than the CCD models. Printer technology is also improving. The workhorse of the industry used to be dot-matrix printers, and they're still fairly popular, but thermal technology is faster, quieter and reasonably priced. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS's), or battery back-ups, are affordably priced and will keep you up and running during power glitches or short outages. Remember, your business will be depending on this equipment. If you're going to be using it a lot, spend the extra money and get the heavy duty models and UPS's.
POS system not only gives you control over your transactions, it also puts a wealth of information at your finger tips. Imagine being able to compare year to date and month to date sales with just a few keystrokes. A database of your customers can be a powerful marketing tool. A POS system can also track your inventory, automatically creating order lists as needed, even adjusting quantities for seasonal demand. In short, a POS system helps you keep a constant eye on your bottom line.
POS stands for Point Of Sale. This is a rather broad definition that can include merchandising aids, displays and the methods used to enable transactions. In our case, we're talking about the hardware and software that runs both the front counter and back office operations of a business.
For a small gift store, a basic POS system would consist of a computer, cash drawer, barcode scanner, receipt printer and the appropriate POS software. A service organization, like a lawn care company, wouldn't need a cash drawer or a receipt printer. But they might want a laser printer for their service invoices. Again, you have the flexibility to easily customize a POS system for your particular business.
The heart of any POS system is the computer (or computers) that runs the POS software. We understand the temptation to use an older computer or maybe one of the really low cost models available through the "superstores". But remember, once up and running, your business will be depending on this equipment, so a good quality computer is important. For example, all of our custom built-systems use high quality, name brand parts and will work reliably for years. The same advice goes for all the other components. A basic cash drawer will get the job done, but the heavy duty models really are built better and will last longer. CCD barcode scanners are more reliable than the old pencil type wands, but they're still designed to work with flat, easy to read barcodes. Laser scanners not only have a greater range, but the laser can wrap around bottles, bags or follow irregular shapes much better than the CCD models. Printer technology is also improving. The workhorse of the industry used to be dot-matrix printers, and they're still fairly popular, but thermal technology is faster, quieter and reasonably priced. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS's), or battery back-ups, are affordably priced and will keep you up and running during power glitches or short outages. Remember, your business will be depending on this equipment. If you're going to be using it a lot, spend the extra money and get the heavy duty models and UPS's.
POS system not only gives you control over your transactions, it also puts a wealth of information at your finger tips. Imagine being able to compare year to date and month to date sales with just a few keystrokes. A database of your customers can be a powerful marketing tool. A POS system can also track your inventory, automatically creating order lists as needed, even adjusting quantities for seasonal demand. In short, a POS system helps you keep a constant eye on your bottom line.
What is Point of Sale?
POS stands for Point Of Sale. This is a rather broad definition that can include merchandising aids, displays and the methods used to enable transactions. In our case, we're talking about the hardware and software that runs both the front counter and back office operations of a business.
For a small gift store, a basic POS system would consist of a computer, cash drawer, barcode scanner, receipt printer and the appropriate POS software. A service organization, like a lawn care company, wouldn't need a cash drawer or a receipt printer. But they might want a laser printer for their service invoices. Again, you have the flexibility to easily customize a POS system for your particular business.
The heart of any POS system is the computer (or computers) that runs the POS software. We understand the temptation to use an older computer or maybe one of the really low cost models available through the "superstores". But remember, once up and running, your business will be depending on this equipment, so a good quality computer is important. For example, all of our custom built-systems use high quality, name brand parts and will work reliably for years. The same advice goes for all the other components. A basic cash drawer will get the job done, but the heavy duty models really are built better and will last longer. CCD barcode scanners are more reliable than the old pencil type wands, but they're still designed to work with flat, easy to read barcodes. Laser scanners not only have a greater range, but the laser can wrap around bottles, bags or follow irregular shapes much better than the CCD models. Printer technology is also improving. The workhorse of the industry used to be dot-matrix printers, and they're still fairly popular, but thermal technology is faster, quieter and reasonably priced. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS's), or battery back-ups, are affordably priced and will keep you up and running during power glitches or short outages. Remember, your business will be depending on this equipment. If you're going to be using it a lot, spend the extra money and get the heavy duty models and UPS's.
POS system not only gives you control over your transactions, it also puts a wealth of information at your finger tips. Imagine being able to compare year to date and month to date sales with just a few keystrokes. A database of your customers can be a powerful marketing tool. A POS system can also track your inventory, automatically creating order lists as needed, even adjusting quantities for seasonal demand. In short, a POS system helps you keep a constant eye on your bottom line.
POINT OF SALE SOFTWARE
If you’ve been in any store lately, you know that old fashioned cash registers are a thing of a past. Now, retail associates pull customers’ names up on a screen with fields for all kinds of information. They enter this information when clientele buy or return anything. This whole system is being managed by point of sale software. This type of software helps business owners handle their sales, inventory, and customers. It typically consists of a network with a number of workstations sharing the information across the system. Why would a company want to invest in point of sale software? The reasons are simple, but essential to running a smooth business. How else would you keep track of all the customer transactions in one day? One month? One year? Think about all the sales that might go on just before the winter holiday season. Now what about all the returns, exchanges and refunds that begin on Boxing Day and the weeks that follow. With the mounds of inventory going out and coming back in and then going back out again, a point of sale software enables businesses to track it all. Without point of sale software, retailers and service providers are left to their human resources to monitor these things. This means less time and money spent in the right place.
2009年4月11日星期六
La Folie décida d’inviter ses amis pour prendre un café chez elle
La Folie décida d’inviter ses amis pour prendre un café chez elle.Tous les invités y allèrent. Après le café la Folie proposa : On joue à cache-cache ? Cache-cache ? C’est quoi, ça ? -demanda la Curiosité."Cache-cache est un jeu. Je compte jusqu’à cent et vous vous cachez.Quand j’ai fini de compter je cherche, et le premier que je trouve sera le prochain à compter."Tous acceptèrent, sauf la Peur et la Paresse."1,2,3,……"-la Folie commenca à compter.L’Empressement se cacha le premier, n’importe où.La Timidité,timide comme toujours, se cacha dans une touffe d’arbre. La Joie courut au milieu du jardin.La Tristesse commenca à pleurer, car elle ne trouvait pas d’endroit approprié pour se cacher.L’Envie accompagna le Triomphe et se cacha près de lui dirrière un rocher.La Folie continuait de compter tandis que ses amis se cachaient. Le Désespoir étaient désespéré en voyant que la Folie était déjà ànonante-neuf."CENT!!!" cria la Folie. "Je vais commencer à chercher..."La première à être trouvée fut la Curiosité, car elle n’avaitpu s’empêcher de sortir de sa cachette pour voir qui serait le premier découvert.En regardant sur le côté, la Folie vit le Doute au-dessus d’une cloture ne sachant pas de quel côté. Et ainsi de suite, elle découvrit la Joie, la Tristesse, la Timidité……Quand ils étaient tous réunis, la Curiosité demanda :"Où est l’Amour?"Personne ne l’avait vu. La Folie commença à le chercher.Elle chercha au-dussus d’une montagne, dans les rivières au pied des rochers.Mais elle ne trouvait pas l’Amour. Cherchant de tous cotés, la Folie vit un rosier, pris un bout de bois et commença à chercher parmi les branches, lorsque soudain elle entendit un cri. C’était l’Amour, qui criait parce qu’une épine lui avait crevé un oeil.La Folie ne savait pas quoi faire. Elle s’excusa, implora l’ Amour pour avoir son pardon et alla jusqu’à lui promettre de le suivre pourtoujours. L’’Amour accepta les excuses.Aujourd’hui, l’Amour est aveugle et la Folie l’accompagne toujours.
外汇术语
All or None - A limit price order that requires the entire order to be filled at the stated price or not at all. Arbitrage - The simultaneous purchase and sale of an instrument in two different markets to profit from a temporary price disparity. Base Currency - The currency against which other currencies are quoted. Example, the primary base currency is the u.s. dollar. Basis - The spot price minus the futures price. Best Effort - An order to be executed at the best available price. Discretion is given to the dealer as to when to execute the order. Bid - The price for which a willing buyer will purchase the asset. Broker - An individual who matches buy and sell orders in return for a commission. The bid and offer prices are those of the market participants and not of the broker, unlike market makers. Cable - A market term used for the British Pound Sterling. Covered Interest Rate Arbitrage - A transaction which consists of borrowing in currency A, in exchange for currency B, investing currency B and covering in the forward market. The transaction takes advantage of interest rate differentials. Credit Line - The amount of foreign currency exposure a firm will allow a client to take. Credit Risk - The idea that an outstanding currency position will not be repaid as agreed by the counterparty, either voluntarily or not. Also known as counterparty risk. Cross Rates - Often referred to as the exchange rate between any two currencies not involving the u.s. dollar. In reality, however, all rates are technically cross rates. Cost of Carry - The cost of borrowing money in order to maintain a position. It is based on the interest parity which determines the forward price. Daylight Position Limit - Position limits on a currency or aggregate on a series of currencies that a trader can carry during regular trading hours. Direct Dealing - An approach whereby dealers contact each other to transact without a broker. Discount Forward Spread - The forward points that is subtracted from the spot to arrive at the forward price. This means that the foreign interest rate is lower than the u.s. rate for the period. Also known as swap points. Exotic Currency - A currency with little liquidity and limited dealing, which is neither a major or minor currency. Forward Outright - A foreign exchange deal with a maturity beyond the spot delivery date. Forward Spread - Refers to the forward premium or discount that the forward price trades at. The forward price is calculated with the spot price, interest rate differential, and days to delivery. Initial Margin - The margin paid initially to trade currency futures or margined otc forex. A traders loss may not exceed this margin per contract/lot. Interest Rate - Interest rates may be determined by a simple rule using the bid and offer spread on an fx rate. If the rate quoted is in european terms and the offered price is higher than the bid, then you know that the interest rate is that nation is higher than the rate in the base nation for the particular time in question. If quoted in american terms, the opposite is true.Example - usd/jpy quoted 105.75 to 105.65Because the offered price is lower than the bid, then you know that rates are lower in japan than in the u.s. Kiwi - A market term for the New Zealand Dollar. Libor - London Interbank Offered Rate. This is the rate at which banks will lend to each other, set at 11:00 a.m. London time. Major Currency - The euro, d-mark, swiss franc, british pound, and japanese yen. Market Maker - One that consistently makes two way prices, providing both a bid and an offer. Unlike brokers, market makers trade their capital, although they will hedge. Mark-to-Market - A system by which futures contracts and other markets are revalued using closing market prices to determine cash flow requirements for margin purposes. Matching Systems - An electronic system that attempts to duplicate the brokers market. Bids and offers are available to any bank for execution. EBS is a matching system. Minor Currency - The canadian dollar, the australian dollar, and the kiwi are minor currencies. Negative Carry - A market position whereby the currency owned pays a lower rate of interest than that of the currency borrowed resulting in a negative cash flow. Offer - The price for which a willing seller will sell the asset. Overnight Position Limit - Position limits on a currency or aggregate on a series of currencies that a trader can carry during overnight trading hours. These limits are usually smaller than day light position limits. Pip - The term used in the otc currency markets to denote the smallest incremental move an exchange rate can make. Positive Carry - A market position whereby the currency owned pays a higher rate of interest than that of the currency borrowed, resulting in a positive cash flow. Premium Forward Spread - The forward points that is added to the spot price to determine a forward price. A forward premium means that the foreign interest rate is higher than the u.s. rate for the period. Purchasing Power Parity - This states that the price for a good in one nation should be equal to the price of the same good in any other nation, all things being equal, exchanged at the current rate. Quotation American Terms - A quotation that reflects the number of usd units per foreign currency. Quotation European Terms - A quotation that reflects the number of foreign currency units per us dollars. Rollover - A transaction designed for spot deals whereby the delivery is extended and "exchanged" from the old spot delivery date to the current spot delivery date. Swap points are either subtracted or added reflecting either a positive cost of carry of negative. Spot Deal - An fx deal whereby a party will deliver a certain currency against receiving a certain amount of another currency based on an agreed rate from another party, within 2 business days, 1 day for the cad which is the exception. Spot Next - An fx deal which matures one business day past the spot date, thus, 3 business days to maturity. Swap Deal - An fx deal which consists of a simultaneous purchase and sale for different maturity dates with the same counterparty. Tom Next - Tommorrow next, is an fx deal which matures one day prior to a regular spot deal, thus maturity is the next business day. Two-Way Price - A quotation with both the bid and offer price. Variation Margin - The margin necessary to fully cover any losses by a trader. Variation margin is required to bring the account back up to the initial margin requirements.All or None - A limit price order that requires the entire order to be filled at the stated price or not at all. Arbitrage - The simultaneous purchase and sale of an instrument in two different markets to profit from a temporary price disparity. Base Currency - The currency against which other currencies are quoted. Example, the primary base currency is the u.s. dollar. Basis - The spot price minus the futures price. Best Effort - An order to be executed at the best available price. Discretion is given to the dealer as to when to execute the order. Bid - The price for which a willing buyer will purchase the asset. Broker - An individual who matches buy and sell orders in return for a commission. The bid and offer prices are those of the market participants and not of the broker, unlike market makers. Cable - A market term used for the British Pound Sterling. Covered Interest Rate Arbitrage - A transaction which consists of borrowing in currency A, in exchange for currency B, investing currency B and covering in the forward market. The transaction takes advantage of interest rate differentials. Credit Line - The amount of foreign currency exposure a firm will allow a client to take. Credit Risk - The idea that an outstanding currency position will not be repaid as agreed by the counterparty, either voluntarily or not. Also known as counterparty risk. Cross Rates - Often referred to as the exchange rate between any two currencies not involving the u.s. dollar. In reality, however, all rates are technically cross rates. Cost of Carry - The cost of borrowing money in order to maintain a position. It is based on the interest parity which determines the forward price. Daylight Position Limit - Position limits on a currency or aggregate on a series of currencies that a trader can carry during regular trading hours. Direct Dealing - An approach whereby dealers contact each other to transact without a broker. Discount Forward Spread - The forward points that is subtracted from the spot to arrive at the forward price. This means that the foreign interest rate is lower than the u.s. rate for the period. Also known as swap points. Exotic Currency - A currency with little liquidity and limited dealing, which is neither a major or minor currency. Forward Outright - A foreign exchange deal with a maturity beyond the spot delivery date. Forward Spread - Refers to the forward premium or discount that the forward price trades at. The forward price is calculated with the spot price, interest rate differential, and days to delivery. Initial Margin - The margin paid initially to trade currency futures or margined otc forex. A traders loss may not exceed this margin per contract/lot. Interest Rate - Interest rates may be determined by a simple rule using the bid and offer spread on an fx rate. If the rate quoted is in european terms and the offered price is higher than the bid, then you know that the interest rate is that nation is higher than the rate in the base nation for the particular time in question. If quoted in american terms, the opposite is true.Example - usd/jpy quoted 105.75 to 105.65Because the offered price is lower than the bid, then you know that rates are lower in japan than in the u.s. Kiwi - A market term for the New Zealand Dollar. Libor - London Interbank Offered Rate. This is the rate at which banks will lend to each other, set at 11:00 a.m. London time. Major Currency - The euro, d-mark, swiss franc, british pound, and japanese yen. Market Maker - One that consistently makes two way prices, providing both a bid and an offer. Unlike brokers, market makers trade their capital, although they will hedge. Mark-to-Market - A system by which futures contracts and other markets are revalued using closing market prices to determine cash flow requirements for margin purposes. Matching Systems - An electronic system that attempts to duplicate the brokers market. Bids and offers are available to any bank for execution. EBS is a matching system. Minor Currency - The canadian dollar, the australian dollar, and the kiwi are minor currencies. Negative Carry - A market position whereby the currency owned pays a lower rate of interest than that of the currency borrowed resulting in a negative cash flow. Offer - The price for which a willing seller will sell the asset. Overnight Position Limit - Position limits on a currency or aggregate on a series of currencies that a trader can carry during overnight trading hours. These limits are usually smaller than day light position limits. Pip - The term used in the otc currency markets to denote the smallest incremental move an exchange rate can make. Positive Carry - A market position whereby the currency owned pays a higher rate of interest than that of the currency borrowed, resulting in a positive cash flow. Premium Forward Spread - The forward points that is added to the spot price to determine a forward price. A forward premium means that the foreign interest rate is higher than the u.s. rate for the period. Purchasing Power Parity - This states that the price for a good in one nation should be equal to the price of the same good in any other nation, all things being equal, exchanged at the current rate. Quotation American Terms - A quotation that reflects the number of usd units per foreign currency. Quotation European Terms - A quotation that reflects the number of foreign currency units per us dollars. Rollover - A transaction designed for spot deals whereby the delivery is extended and "exchanged" from the old spot delivery date to the current spot delivery date. Swap points are either subtracted or added reflecting either a positive cost of carry of negative. Spot Deal - An fx deal whereby a party will deliver a certain currency against receiving a certain amount of another currency based on an agreed rate from another party, within 2 business days, 1 day for the cad which is the exception. Spot Next - An fx deal which matures one business day past the spot date, thus, 3 business days to maturity. Swap Deal - An fx deal which consists of a simultaneous purchase and sale for different maturity dates with the same counterparty. Tom Next - Tommorrow next, is an fx deal which matures one day prior to a regular spot deal, thus maturity is the next business day. Two-Way Price - A quotation with both the bid and offer price. Variation Margin - The margin necessary to fully cover any losses by a trader. Variation margin is required to bring the account back up to the initial margin requirements.
2009年3月19日星期四
Dollar Trades Near Two-Month Low on Fed’s Purchase of Debt
By Ye Xie
March 20 (Bloomberg) -- The dollar traded near the lowest level against the euro since January on bets the Federal Reserve’s plan to buy Treasuries will push down yields on U.S. assets and prompt investors to seek returns elsewhere.
The U.S. currency dropped yesterday to the lowest versus Norway’s krone since October and depreciated against the pound as the Fed started flooding the market with greenbacks. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. raised the target on its bet against the dollar to $1.40 per euro yesterday after the greenback plunged on March 18 the most since the 16-nation currency’s 1999 debut.
“Risky assets rallied, and the dollar was hit,” said London-based Momtchil Pojarliev, head of currency at Hermes Pensions Management Ltd., which has about $70 billion in assets under management. “The market doesn’t like quantitative easing. I think the dollar will remain weak.”
The dollar traded at $1.3665 per euro at 6:13 a.m. in Tokyo, after declining 1.4 percent yesterday, when it touched $1.3738, the weakest level since Jan. 9. The U.S. currency was at 94.48 yen, after falling 1.8 percent yesterday and reaching 93.54, the lowest since Feb. 23. The euro traded at 129.08 yen, following a 0.4 percent drop. The dollar was at $1.4508 per pound after decreasing 1.6 percent.
Currencies of commodity producers such as the Norwegian krone led the rally against the dollar yesterday. The krone gained as much as 4 percent to 6.2866 per dollar, the strongest level since Oct. 15.
Crude oil, Norway’s biggest export, exceeded $50 a barrel for the first time in two months, while gold had its biggest gain since September.
Outlook for Inflation
“We may end up with higher inflation down the road, and people need to buy real productive assets, which the U.S. doesn’t have,” said New York-based David Tien of Fischer Francis Trees & Watts, who helps oversee funds that were worth an estimated $22 billion in December. “The biggest winner will be commodity currencies followed by the euro.”
The greenback may trade in “high $1.40 areas” versus the euro in the next three to six months, according to Tien. The U.S. currency lost 10 percent in the first half of December after the Fed first brought up the prospect of quantitative easing. In such a practice, a central bank uses injections of funds into the economy as its main policy tool.
Goldman Sachs stepped up its bet against the dollar, a trade it recommended on Feb. 19 when the U.S. currency was at $1.2570, according to a note sent to clients yesterday titled “Let the Printing Press Roll.”
Rate Spreads
“U.S. rate differentials are turning much less dollar- supportive,” wrote Francesco Garzarelli, chief interest-rate strategist at Goldman Sachs in London.
The yield on the 10-year Treasury note increased 0.06 percentage point to 2.60 percent yesterday after tumbling on March 18 by the most since January 1962. The rate was 0.46 percentage point lower than that of the comparable-maturity German bund. The gap widened from 0.18 percentage point three days ago.
The ICE’s Dollar Index slid for an eighth day yesterday, the longest stretch in a year, after the Federal Open Market Committee said on March 18 it would purchase up to $300 billion in Treasuries and an additional $750 billion of agency mortgage- backed securities.
The premium traders pay to buy call options on the euro versus the dollar over puts rose to a level indicating traders are the most bullish on the European currency in at least five years. A call option gives an investor the right to buy, while a put provides the right to sell.
Risk Reversal
The euro’s one-month 25-delta risk-reversal rate against the dollar reached 0.9675 percent yesterday, the highest since October 2003, when Bloomberg began compiling the data. The index had a negative reading as recently as March 12. A delta is the change in the value of an option for each dollar change in the market price of the underlying asset.
The dollar may reassert itself as the global economy continues to shrink, prompting investors to buy the world’s reserve currency for safety, according to Robert Blake, head of strategy for North America in Boston at State Street Global Markets LLC, which has $12 trillion in assets under custody.
“We are not convinced yet this is going to result in sustained weakness of the dollar,” said Blake. “Quantitative easing is not something that works automatically on the economy and won’t necessarily lead to bank lending. I am not convinced recovery is here. There will be ugly data to come.”
The Philadelphia Fed’s general economic index increased to minus 35 in March from minus 41.3 a month earlier, indicating manufacturing in the region contracted for a sixth month.
To contact the reporter on this story: Ye Xie in New York at yxie6@bloomberg.net
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=ayYE24Luo3bY&refer=japan
March 20 (Bloomberg) -- The dollar traded near the lowest level against the euro since January on bets the Federal Reserve’s plan to buy Treasuries will push down yields on U.S. assets and prompt investors to seek returns elsewhere.
The U.S. currency dropped yesterday to the lowest versus Norway’s krone since October and depreciated against the pound as the Fed started flooding the market with greenbacks. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. raised the target on its bet against the dollar to $1.40 per euro yesterday after the greenback plunged on March 18 the most since the 16-nation currency’s 1999 debut.
“Risky assets rallied, and the dollar was hit,” said London-based Momtchil Pojarliev, head of currency at Hermes Pensions Management Ltd., which has about $70 billion in assets under management. “The market doesn’t like quantitative easing. I think the dollar will remain weak.”
The dollar traded at $1.3665 per euro at 6:13 a.m. in Tokyo, after declining 1.4 percent yesterday, when it touched $1.3738, the weakest level since Jan. 9. The U.S. currency was at 94.48 yen, after falling 1.8 percent yesterday and reaching 93.54, the lowest since Feb. 23. The euro traded at 129.08 yen, following a 0.4 percent drop. The dollar was at $1.4508 per pound after decreasing 1.6 percent.
Currencies of commodity producers such as the Norwegian krone led the rally against the dollar yesterday. The krone gained as much as 4 percent to 6.2866 per dollar, the strongest level since Oct. 15.
Crude oil, Norway’s biggest export, exceeded $50 a barrel for the first time in two months, while gold had its biggest gain since September.
Outlook for Inflation
“We may end up with higher inflation down the road, and people need to buy real productive assets, which the U.S. doesn’t have,” said New York-based David Tien of Fischer Francis Trees & Watts, who helps oversee funds that were worth an estimated $22 billion in December. “The biggest winner will be commodity currencies followed by the euro.”
The greenback may trade in “high $1.40 areas” versus the euro in the next three to six months, according to Tien. The U.S. currency lost 10 percent in the first half of December after the Fed first brought up the prospect of quantitative easing. In such a practice, a central bank uses injections of funds into the economy as its main policy tool.
Goldman Sachs stepped up its bet against the dollar, a trade it recommended on Feb. 19 when the U.S. currency was at $1.2570, according to a note sent to clients yesterday titled “Let the Printing Press Roll.”
Rate Spreads
“U.S. rate differentials are turning much less dollar- supportive,” wrote Francesco Garzarelli, chief interest-rate strategist at Goldman Sachs in London.
The yield on the 10-year Treasury note increased 0.06 percentage point to 2.60 percent yesterday after tumbling on March 18 by the most since January 1962. The rate was 0.46 percentage point lower than that of the comparable-maturity German bund. The gap widened from 0.18 percentage point three days ago.
The ICE’s Dollar Index slid for an eighth day yesterday, the longest stretch in a year, after the Federal Open Market Committee said on March 18 it would purchase up to $300 billion in Treasuries and an additional $750 billion of agency mortgage- backed securities.
The premium traders pay to buy call options on the euro versus the dollar over puts rose to a level indicating traders are the most bullish on the European currency in at least five years. A call option gives an investor the right to buy, while a put provides the right to sell.
Risk Reversal
The euro’s one-month 25-delta risk-reversal rate against the dollar reached 0.9675 percent yesterday, the highest since October 2003, when Bloomberg began compiling the data. The index had a negative reading as recently as March 12. A delta is the change in the value of an option for each dollar change in the market price of the underlying asset.
The dollar may reassert itself as the global economy continues to shrink, prompting investors to buy the world’s reserve currency for safety, according to Robert Blake, head of strategy for North America in Boston at State Street Global Markets LLC, which has $12 trillion in assets under custody.
“We are not convinced yet this is going to result in sustained weakness of the dollar,” said Blake. “Quantitative easing is not something that works automatically on the economy and won’t necessarily lead to bank lending. I am not convinced recovery is here. There will be ugly data to come.”
The Philadelphia Fed’s general economic index increased to minus 35 in March from minus 41.3 a month earlier, indicating manufacturing in the region contracted for a sixth month.
To contact the reporter on this story: Ye Xie in New York at yxie6@bloomberg.net
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=ayYE24Luo3bY&refer=japan
Obama Administration Sides With Wal-Mart Workers
By Karen Gullo and Margaret Cronin Fisk
March 19 (Bloomberg) -- The Obama administration sided with women suing Wal-Mart Stores Inc. for discrimination, urging a federal appeals court to let the current and former workers sue as a group and proceed with the biggest sex-bias case in U.S. history.
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, weighing in on the lawsuit for the first time since it was filed in 2001, rejected Wal-Mart’s argument that as many as 2 million workers shouldn’t be allowed to seek back pay and punitive damages as a group because that would violate the company’s right to defend itself against each worker’s claims before a jury.
That position would prevent the government from ever seeking punitive damages from companies with a pattern of discrimination and interfere with the EEOC’s ability to obtain redress for violations of Title VII, the federal law that prohibits discrimination, said Barbara Sloan, an EEOC attorney, in a filing with a federal appeals court in San Francisco.
“If Wal-Mart’s arguments were accepted, it could effectively preclude a claim for punitive damages in most if not all Title VII pattern-or-practice cases including those brought by the Commission,” Sloan wrote. “It would be ‘nonsensical’ to prevent victims of particularly egregious discrimination from proceeding collectively.”
Wal-Mart, the largest U.S. private employer, is accused of paying women less than men and giving them fewer promotions. The 2001 lawsuit was originally filed in San Francisco by six women seeking to represent other employees.
Appeals Court
A federal appeals court on March 24 will hear arguments in Wal-Mart’s appeal of a judge’s ruling that allowed workers to sue as a group and seek back pay and punitive damages. Wal-Mart, based in Bentonville, Arkansas, denied discriminating and said it should be allowed to defend the women’s claims on a case-by- case basis.
“We believe the EEOC’s positions are fundamentally incorrect and look forward to presenting our argument to the court of appeals on Tuesday,” Theodore Boutrous, Wal-Mart’s attorney, said today in an e-mail message.
The EEOC’s support of the Wal-Mart class action “can’t simply be attributed to the change in administrations,” said attorney Joseph Sellers, who represents the women. “These are the views of the people who were the holdovers at the commission,” he said.
“Wal-Mart’s position, if adopted by the court, would lead to the elimination of employment class actions larger than a couple of hundred people,” he said.
The EEOC didn’t address the merits of the case. The agency said it was filing the brief because “this court’s resolution of issues relating to punitive damages and backpay in class cases may directly affect the commission’s enforcement of Title VII” of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, “particularly its systemic litigation.”
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce earlier filed an amicus brief supporting Wal-Mart’s efforts to reverse the class-action decision. “If the district court’s decision stands, it will have a potentially destructive effect on the Chamber’s members, who will likely face billions of dollars in new class-action claims,” the organization’s lawyers argued in a March 6 filing.
The EEOC’s support of class certification “would be given considerable weight” by the appeals court considering the decision, law professor Carl Tobias of the University of Richmond said today. “That’s the agency’s area of expertise.”
The case is Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 04-16688, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (San Francisco).
To contact the reporters on this story: Karen Gullo in San Francisco kgullo@bloomberg.net; Margaret Cronin Fisk in Southfield, Michigan, at mcfisk@bloomberg.net.
March 19 (Bloomberg) -- The Obama administration sided with women suing Wal-Mart Stores Inc. for discrimination, urging a federal appeals court to let the current and former workers sue as a group and proceed with the biggest sex-bias case in U.S. history.
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, weighing in on the lawsuit for the first time since it was filed in 2001, rejected Wal-Mart’s argument that as many as 2 million workers shouldn’t be allowed to seek back pay and punitive damages as a group because that would violate the company’s right to defend itself against each worker’s claims before a jury.
That position would prevent the government from ever seeking punitive damages from companies with a pattern of discrimination and interfere with the EEOC’s ability to obtain redress for violations of Title VII, the federal law that prohibits discrimination, said Barbara Sloan, an EEOC attorney, in a filing with a federal appeals court in San Francisco.
“If Wal-Mart’s arguments were accepted, it could effectively preclude a claim for punitive damages in most if not all Title VII pattern-or-practice cases including those brought by the Commission,” Sloan wrote. “It would be ‘nonsensical’ to prevent victims of particularly egregious discrimination from proceeding collectively.”
Wal-Mart, the largest U.S. private employer, is accused of paying women less than men and giving them fewer promotions. The 2001 lawsuit was originally filed in San Francisco by six women seeking to represent other employees.
Appeals Court
A federal appeals court on March 24 will hear arguments in Wal-Mart’s appeal of a judge’s ruling that allowed workers to sue as a group and seek back pay and punitive damages. Wal-Mart, based in Bentonville, Arkansas, denied discriminating and said it should be allowed to defend the women’s claims on a case-by- case basis.
“We believe the EEOC’s positions are fundamentally incorrect and look forward to presenting our argument to the court of appeals on Tuesday,” Theodore Boutrous, Wal-Mart’s attorney, said today in an e-mail message.
The EEOC’s support of the Wal-Mart class action “can’t simply be attributed to the change in administrations,” said attorney Joseph Sellers, who represents the women. “These are the views of the people who were the holdovers at the commission,” he said.
“Wal-Mart’s position, if adopted by the court, would lead to the elimination of employment class actions larger than a couple of hundred people,” he said.
The EEOC didn’t address the merits of the case. The agency said it was filing the brief because “this court’s resolution of issues relating to punitive damages and backpay in class cases may directly affect the commission’s enforcement of Title VII” of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, “particularly its systemic litigation.”
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce earlier filed an amicus brief supporting Wal-Mart’s efforts to reverse the class-action decision. “If the district court’s decision stands, it will have a potentially destructive effect on the Chamber’s members, who will likely face billions of dollars in new class-action claims,” the organization’s lawyers argued in a March 6 filing.
The EEOC’s support of class certification “would be given considerable weight” by the appeals court considering the decision, law professor Carl Tobias of the University of Richmond said today. “That’s the agency’s area of expertise.”
The case is Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 04-16688, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (San Francisco).
To contact the reporters on this story: Karen Gullo in San Francisco kgullo@bloomberg.net; Margaret Cronin Fisk in Southfield, Michigan, at mcfisk@bloomberg.net.
Fed plan may lower rates, but at what cost?
By Burton Frierson - Analysis
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Through its control of the printing press the Federal Reserve may be able to push down government bond yields as low as it wants, though it will eventually face a day of reckoning with inflation.
The Federal Reserve said on Wednesday it would buy up to $300 billion in longer-term Treasuries, effectively printing money in order to lower yields and bring down borrowing costs throughout the economy, particularly in the troubled mortgage sector.
Not all analysts agree the plan is a good idea or that it will cure what ails the heavily indebted economy, but many expect it to bring the benchmark 10-year note yield back down to the 50 year lows seen around 2.0 per cent seen last December.
"They can hold them down as low and as long as they want because they can print as much money as they want," said Marty Mitchell head of government bond trading at Stifel Nicolaus in Baltimore.
"Yields can stay low and probably are headed lower."
Inflation will ultimately become an issue, Mitchell said, but the more immediate concern was the prospect of a downward deflationary spiral in prices, wages and economic activity.
This means inflation is not on the agenda and will not be for at least a matter of months and possibly a couple of years.
"Inflation is tomorrow's end game," Mitchell added. "Right now they're fighting off a deflationary environment."
FOUR PERCENT MORTGAGE RATES ?
In the wake of the Fed's announcement on Wednesday, 10-year yields fell as far as 2.47 percent from near 3.0 percent for the biggest one day fall since the 1987 stockmarket crash, but on Thursday 10-year yields actually rose to 2.59 percent.
Mary Ann Hurley, vice president of fixed-income trading at D.A. Davidson & Co. in Seattle, also said the 2.0 percent level on 10-year yields would come into play, but was not sure how long the Fed could hold yields at that level.
"I think their desire is to get conventional mortgage rates down to four percent and I think they're going to keep buying Treasuries to achieve that level," Hurley said.
Interest rates on 30-year fixed-rate mortgages fell more than 0.40 percentage point to 4.79 percent on Thursday, according to the Zillow Mortgage Rate Monitor, compiled by real estate website Zillow.com.
The Fed has made clear it wants to support mortgage market, and pushing rates down may indeed help overly indebted home owners switch out of onerous loan terms and into cheaper ones.
Still, it remains to be seen whether credit easing will help an economy suffering from the effects of rampant over borrowing by consumers more broadly. Continued...The Fed may take comfort, though, from the fact that it is not alone, with the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan involved in similar debt-buying endeavors.
CROSSING THE RUBICON
And then, there's the nagging issue of inflation.
"While we're not concerned about inflation right now, boy we potentially have a huge problem down the road," said Hurley. "I don't think it's this year or next year's problem but maybe 2011."
"We've got a huge amount of stimulus and how is the Fed going to unwind all this? I can see a scenario where interest rates go up dramatically, which will hurt the economy. So, it's a mess."
It's not just interest rates that may facing greater volatility. The dollar too might be in for a wild ride if Wednesday's plunge is any guide.
Against a basket of currencies, the dollar sank 3.0 percent, its largest percentage drop since 1985 .DXY.
This result of the Fed plan may be the biggest concern.
Even though the central bank may have some initial success in depressing rates, analysts worry that monetary policy has passed a point of no return with the printing of money.
"We've crossed the Rubicon," said Howard Simons, strategist at Bianco Research in Chicago. "We have absolutely severed any connection between our dollar and reality. It's as fast as you can print it right now."
(Additional Reporting by Julie Haviv)
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Through its control of the printing press the Federal Reserve may be able to push down government bond yields as low as it wants, though it will eventually face a day of reckoning with inflation.
The Federal Reserve said on Wednesday it would buy up to $300 billion in longer-term Treasuries, effectively printing money in order to lower yields and bring down borrowing costs throughout the economy, particularly in the troubled mortgage sector.
Not all analysts agree the plan is a good idea or that it will cure what ails the heavily indebted economy, but many expect it to bring the benchmark 10-year note yield back down to the 50 year lows seen around 2.0 per cent seen last December.
"They can hold them down as low and as long as they want because they can print as much money as they want," said Marty Mitchell head of government bond trading at Stifel Nicolaus in Baltimore.
"Yields can stay low and probably are headed lower."
Inflation will ultimately become an issue, Mitchell said, but the more immediate concern was the prospect of a downward deflationary spiral in prices, wages and economic activity.
This means inflation is not on the agenda and will not be for at least a matter of months and possibly a couple of years.
"Inflation is tomorrow's end game," Mitchell added. "Right now they're fighting off a deflationary environment."
FOUR PERCENT MORTGAGE RATES ?
In the wake of the Fed's announcement on Wednesday, 10-year yields fell as far as 2.47 percent from near 3.0 percent for the biggest one day fall since the 1987 stockmarket crash, but on Thursday 10-year yields actually rose to 2.59 percent.
Mary Ann Hurley, vice president of fixed-income trading at D.A. Davidson & Co. in Seattle, also said the 2.0 percent level on 10-year yields would come into play, but was not sure how long the Fed could hold yields at that level.
"I think their desire is to get conventional mortgage rates down to four percent and I think they're going to keep buying Treasuries to achieve that level," Hurley said.
Interest rates on 30-year fixed-rate mortgages fell more than 0.40 percentage point to 4.79 percent on Thursday, according to the Zillow Mortgage Rate Monitor, compiled by real estate website Zillow.com.
The Fed has made clear it wants to support mortgage market, and pushing rates down may indeed help overly indebted home owners switch out of onerous loan terms and into cheaper ones.
Still, it remains to be seen whether credit easing will help an economy suffering from the effects of rampant over borrowing by consumers more broadly. Continued...The Fed may take comfort, though, from the fact that it is not alone, with the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan involved in similar debt-buying endeavors.
CROSSING THE RUBICON
And then, there's the nagging issue of inflation.
"While we're not concerned about inflation right now, boy we potentially have a huge problem down the road," said Hurley. "I don't think it's this year or next year's problem but maybe 2011."
"We've got a huge amount of stimulus and how is the Fed going to unwind all this? I can see a scenario where interest rates go up dramatically, which will hurt the economy. So, it's a mess."
It's not just interest rates that may facing greater volatility. The dollar too might be in for a wild ride if Wednesday's plunge is any guide.
Against a basket of currencies, the dollar sank 3.0 percent, its largest percentage drop since 1985 .DXY.
This result of the Fed plan may be the biggest concern.
Even though the central bank may have some initial success in depressing rates, analysts worry that monetary policy has passed a point of no return with the printing of money.
"We've crossed the Rubicon," said Howard Simons, strategist at Bianco Research in Chicago. "We have absolutely severed any connection between our dollar and reality. It's as fast as you can print it right now."
(Additional Reporting by Julie Haviv)
在国外美容--英语对话
Hairdresser: Good morning, madam.
Guest: Good morning. I would like a shampoo and set.
Hairdresser: Yes, madam. What style do you want?
Guest: I'd like to try a new hair-style. Could you show me some pictures of hair styles?
Hairdresser: Sure. We have various models: hair bobbed, hair sweptback, chaplet hair style, shoulder-length hair style, hair done in a bun. Please have a look at them, madam.
Guest: Thanks. Please give me the style in this picture here but make the wave longer. I would like hair spray, please.
Hairdresser: Yes, madam.
Guest: Oh, your hair dryer is too hot. Would you adjust it, please?
Hairdresser: Sorry, madam. I'll adjust it right away.
Hairdresser: Is that all right now?
Guest: Yes, thank.
Hairdresser: Please have a look.
Guest: Beautifully done. Please trim my eyebrows and darken them.
Hairdresser: All right, madam. And would you like a manicure?
Guest: Yes. Use a light nail varnish, please.
美容师：上午好，太太。
客人：上午好。我想洗头、做头发。
美容师：是，太太。做什么式样？
客人：我想换个新发型。你能不能给我看些发型式样的照片？
美容师：可以。我们有各种各样的发型，如剪短发、后掠式、盘花冠式、齐肩式，还有把头发挽成发髻。太太，您请看。
客人：谢谢。请你按这张照片上的发型烫，波浪烫长些。请喷些发胶。
美容师：好的，太太。
客人：哎呦，吹风太热了，请调整一下吧。
美容师：对不起，太太。我马上调整。
美容师：现在可以了吗？
客人：可以了，谢谢。
美容师：请您看一看。
客人：做得好极了。请把眉毛修一下，再画深一点。
美容师：好的，太太。您还要修一下指甲吗？
客人：要的。请用浅色指甲油。
Vocabulary 单词表
1. bob: 剪短（头发）
2. sweptback: 向后倾斜的
3. chaplet: 花冠
4. spray: 喷，洒
5. adjust: 调整
6. manicure: 修指甲
7. varnish: 清漆，油
Guest: Good morning. I would like a shampoo and set.
Hairdresser: Yes, madam. What style do you want?
Guest: I'd like to try a new hair-style. Could you show me some pictures of hair styles?
Hairdresser: Sure. We have various models: hair bobbed, hair sweptback, chaplet hair style, shoulder-length hair style, hair done in a bun. Please have a look at them, madam.
Guest: Thanks. Please give me the style in this picture here but make the wave longer. I would like hair spray, please.
Hairdresser: Yes, madam.
Guest: Oh, your hair dryer is too hot. Would you adjust it, please?
Hairdresser: Sorry, madam. I'll adjust it right away.
Hairdresser: Is that all right now?
Guest: Yes, thank.
Hairdresser: Please have a look.
Guest: Beautifully done. Please trim my eyebrows and darken them.
Hairdresser: All right, madam. And would you like a manicure?
Guest: Yes. Use a light nail varnish, please.
美容师：上午好，太太。
客人：上午好。我想洗头、做头发。
美容师：是，太太。做什么式样？
客人：我想换个新发型。你能不能给我看些发型式样的照片？
美容师：可以。我们有各种各样的发型，如剪短发、后掠式、盘花冠式、齐肩式，还有把头发挽成发髻。太太，您请看。
客人：谢谢。请你按这张照片上的发型烫，波浪烫长些。请喷些发胶。
美容师：好的，太太。
客人：哎呦，吹风太热了，请调整一下吧。
美容师：对不起，太太。我马上调整。
美容师：现在可以了吗？
客人：可以了，谢谢。
美容师：请您看一看。
客人：做得好极了。请把眉毛修一下，再画深一点。
美容师：好的，太太。您还要修一下指甲吗？
客人：要的。请用浅色指甲油。
Vocabulary 单词表
1. bob: 剪短（头发）
2. sweptback: 向后倾斜的
3. chaplet: 花冠
4. spray: 喷，洒
5. adjust: 调整
6. manicure: 修指甲
7. varnish: 清漆，油
2009年3月12日星期四
洗发水
洗发水的清洁剂 ，以清洁你的头发和你的头皮。 Most shampoos clean your hair very well.大多数洗发水清洁你的头发非常好。 Where they differ is how your hair feels afterward, depending partly on the strength of the surfactants.如果它们不同的是如何认为你的头发后，一定程度上取决于其强度的表面活性剂。 Stronger clarifying shampoos should not be used more than once or twice a week.更有力的澄清洗发水不应当被用来不止一次或每周两次。 Those designed for daily use contain mild surfactants and are less likely to irritate the scalp.这些专为日常使用含有温和表面活性剂和不太可能刺激头皮。
Ingredients of shampoos成分的洗发水
All shampoos are 80-90% water with 2-8% detergents and foaming agents and about 1% fragrance and preservatives.所有的洗发水是80-90 ％的水2-8 ％洗涤剂和发泡剂和1 ％左右的香水和防腐剂。 Shampoos often contain antistatic and detangling agents as well as thickeners, humectants, sequestering agents, colour and conditioners.洗发水通常包含抗静电和detangling代理人以及增稠剂， humectants ，碳剂，颜色和空调。
Effective detergents include sodium lauryl sulfate, laureth sulfate and sulfosuccinate.有效的洗涤剂包括十二烷基硫酸钠，硫酸和laureth磺酸钠。 They give the hair a squeaky clean feel.他们给头发一做得干干净净的感觉。
Clarifying shampoos contain heavy-duty surfactants.澄清洗发水含有重型表面活性剂。 Body building shampoos contain proteins that bond to hair and increase its volume.班子建设洗发水含有蛋白质，头发和债券，以增加其数量。
Moisturizing shampoos are the best choice for dry, flyaway hair.保湿洗发水是最好的选择，干燥，隔热的头发。 They can cut down on static, make split ends look better (by gluing them together with proteins), and pull moisture onto hair to keep it from getting too dry.他们可以减少静电，使开叉好看（由粘合在一起的蛋白质） ，并把水分到头发保持它太干燥。
Revitalizing or replenishing shampoos are made for color-treated, permed, and damaged hair and contain gentler surfactants.振兴或补充洗发水是彩色处理， permed ，和受损的毛发和含有温和表面活性剂。 They may include ingredients designed to retain colour or to help to repair split ends, but there's little evidence that they are effective.它们可能包括成分设计保留肤色或帮助修复开叉，但几乎没有证据表明，他们是有效的。
2-in-1 shampoos with conditioner save time but may leave your hair feeling too dry or sticky. 2合1洗发水与护发节省时间，但可留下您的头发的感觉太干或粘性。
Baby shampoos contain amphoterics and have less detergent and are not designed for cleaning adult hair, especially when alot of styling products have been used.婴儿洗发水含有较少amphoterics和洗涤剂，而不是专为成人头发的清洁，尤其是当大量的造型产品已被使用。 They may be appropriate for someone that has damaged hair and who finds standard shampoos too harsh.他们可能是适当的人说，已经损坏的头发，谁认定标准洗发水过于苛刻。
如何使用洗发水
Wet the scalp and hair using warm or cool water (hot water can be drying to the hair and scalp).湿头皮和头发用热烈或冷却水（热水可干燥的头发与头皮） 。 Apply a 5 to 10-cent amount of shampoo to palm and rub hands together to evenly distribute.适用5至10美分数额的洗发水，以棕榈油，用手擦出平均分配。 Apply the shampoo to the scalp.适用于洗发水的头皮上。 Massage gently with your fingertips for about 30 seconds and then rinse thoroughly.按摩与您的指尖轻轻地为大约30秒，然后彻底冲洗。
You only need to lather your hair once under normal conditions.你只需要你的头发一旦泡沫在正常情况下。 Lather is destroyed by sebum so an oily scalp may require a second shampoo.泡沫是破坏皮脂所以油性头皮可能需要第二次洗发水。 Excessive lather is wasteful: it doesn't clean hair any better.过多的泡沫是一种浪费：它不干净的头发更好。 Shampoo should be easy to rinse off, but conditioners, styling products and chemical processes may leave a residue.洗发水应易于冲洗，但是空调，造型产品和化学过程可能会留下残余物。
After rinsing, apply some conditioner in one hand and rub palms together to evenly distribute.经过清洗，适用于一些空调在一方面和摩擦双手合十，以均衡地分配。 Apply conditioner from the middle of the hair shaft down to ends.适用于空调，来自中东的头发骨干到结束。 Avoid the scalp unless scalp is dry.避免头皮除非头皮干燥。 Comb conditioner through hair to distribute product evenly.头发梳空调通过分发产品均匀。 Leave conditioner on hair for a few seconds to help smooth the cuticle.离开空调头发上几秒钟，以帮助顺利角质层。 Rinse thoroughly.彻底冲洗。
Conditioners are designed to counteract the effect of detergents, repair static electricity and split ends.空调旨在抵消影响的洗涤剂，修理静电开叉。 A silicone film smoothes cuticles and reduces friction and hair breakage, and maintains colour.硅胶膜平滑角质层，并减少摩擦和头发断裂，并保持颜色。 Conditioners often contain anionics for softness and manageability.空调通常包含anionics的柔软性和可管理性。
Medicated shampoos药用洗发水
Medicated shampoos may contain salicylic acid to loosen flakes of skin, and selenium sulfide , zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole or ciclopirox to reduce the numbers of Malassezia yeasts on the scalp.药用洗发水可能含有水杨酸放松片的皮肤， 硫化硒 ，锌pyrithione ， 酮康唑或环吡减少的数目马拉酵母菌的头皮上。 They are very helpful in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis .它们是非常有益的头皮屑和seborrhoeic性皮炎 。 They may also help treat scalp psoriasis and atopic dermatitis , but often shampoos containg coal tar are more useful in these conditions.他们还可以帮助治疗头皮银屑病和特应性皮炎 ，但往往是洗发水含煤焦油更有益的这些条件。
Medicated shampoos need to be left on for longer than normal shampoos.药用洗发水需要留在超过正常的洗发水。 Ideally, make the hair wet 10 minutes before your shower/bath.理想的情况下，使头发湿前10分钟的淋浴/浴。 Apply medicated shamoo as above.适用于药shamoo如上。 and massage gently into the scalp.并轻轻按摩到头皮上。 Leave for 10 minutes and rinse off well.离开10分钟，冲洗以及关闭。
You may still use a conditioner afterwards.您仍可以使用空调之后。
Skin problems due to shampoos皮肤问题，由于洗发水
Shampoos can irritate and cause scalp problems.洗发水可以刺激并造成头皮问题。 These are rare with modern products made by reputable manufacturers if they have been designed for sensitive skin and are used appropriately.这是罕见的与现代制造的产品有信誉的生产商，如果他们已经设计用于敏感皮肤，并使用得当。 Overwashing may have the following effects: Overwashing可能有以下影响：
The pH of the skin surface may change: look for pH-balanced shampoos. pH值的皮肤表面可能会改变：寻找pH值平衡的洗发水。
The number and type of bacteria and yeasts on the skin surface may change, resulting in dandruff or seborrhoeic dermatitis .的数量和类型的细菌和酵母菌的皮肤表面可能会改变，从而导致头皮屑或seborrhoeic皮炎 。
The surface oil film ( sebum ) is removed, allowing greater water loss through the epidermis to the skin surface, from where it evaporates.表面油膜（ 皮脂 ）被删除，让更多的水土流失通过表皮的皮肤表面，从那里蒸发。
The de-fatted skin may become excessively dry.去脱脂皮肤可能会变得过于干燥。
The surface horny cells may be loosened, disturbing barrier function and allowing more water loss.表面角质细胞可能放松，令人不安的屏障功能，并允许更多的水损失。 The skin becomes more permeable to chemicals such as hair dye and perming solution.皮肤变得更为容易渗透到化学品，如染发和烫发解决方案。
Dry skin is more prone to infection with Staphylococcus aureus , resulting in impetigo . 干燥的皮肤更容易受到感染的金黄色葡萄球菌 ，导致脓疱疮 。
Irritant contact dermatitis (red, dry, chafed skin) may develop. 刺激性接触性皮炎 （红色，干燥，皮肤恼火）可能发展。 This may be provoked by the dry skin itself, or by a particular surfactant in the shampoo.这可能是所挑起皮肤干燥本身，或由某一特定表面活性剂在洗发水。 Sodium lauryl sulphate is more irritating than sodium laureth sulphate for example.十二烷基硫酸钠是令人厌烦的其中钠laureth硫酸的例子。
Stinging, especially if dermatitis is already present.刺痛，特别是如果性皮炎已经存在。
Contact urticaria (immediate redness, itching and swelling) may arise due to a fragrance or preservative.接触性荨麻疹（立即发红，瘙痒和肿胀）可能产生的原因是香味或防腐剂。
Allergic contact dermatitis (a delayed but persistent reaction) may develop to a component of the shampoo. 过敏性接触性皮炎 （延迟，但持续的反应）可能发展到一个组成部分的洗发水。 Because they are rinsed off, true contact allergy to shampoo is rare.因为他们是冲洗后，真正接触过敏的洗发水是罕见的。 However it may result from:然而，它可能是由于：
Botanicals such as chamomile , lavender and rose oil植物，如甘菊 ，薰衣草和玫瑰油
Preservatives, such as Kathon CG or quaternium-15防腐剂，如凯松协商小组或quaternium - 15
Fragrances 香水
Protein contact dermatitis, a rare mixture of contact urticaria and allergic dermatitis, due to a protein component such as peanut or oatmeal.蛋白质接触性皮炎，这是一种罕见的混合接触性荨麻疹和过敏性皮炎，由于蛋白质的组成部分，如花生或燕麦片。
Ingredients of shampoos成分的洗发水
All shampoos are 80-90% water with 2-8% detergents and foaming agents and about 1% fragrance and preservatives.所有的洗发水是80-90 ％的水2-8 ％洗涤剂和发泡剂和1 ％左右的香水和防腐剂。 Shampoos often contain antistatic and detangling agents as well as thickeners, humectants, sequestering agents, colour and conditioners.洗发水通常包含抗静电和detangling代理人以及增稠剂， humectants ，碳剂，颜色和空调。
Effective detergents include sodium lauryl sulfate, laureth sulfate and sulfosuccinate.有效的洗涤剂包括十二烷基硫酸钠，硫酸和laureth磺酸钠。 They give the hair a squeaky clean feel.他们给头发一做得干干净净的感觉。
Clarifying shampoos contain heavy-duty surfactants.澄清洗发水含有重型表面活性剂。 Body building shampoos contain proteins that bond to hair and increase its volume.班子建设洗发水含有蛋白质，头发和债券，以增加其数量。
Moisturizing shampoos are the best choice for dry, flyaway hair.保湿洗发水是最好的选择，干燥，隔热的头发。 They can cut down on static, make split ends look better (by gluing them together with proteins), and pull moisture onto hair to keep it from getting too dry.他们可以减少静电，使开叉好看（由粘合在一起的蛋白质） ，并把水分到头发保持它太干燥。
Revitalizing or replenishing shampoos are made for color-treated, permed, and damaged hair and contain gentler surfactants.振兴或补充洗发水是彩色处理， permed ，和受损的毛发和含有温和表面活性剂。 They may include ingredients designed to retain colour or to help to repair split ends, but there's little evidence that they are effective.它们可能包括成分设计保留肤色或帮助修复开叉，但几乎没有证据表明，他们是有效的。
2-in-1 shampoos with conditioner save time but may leave your hair feeling too dry or sticky. 2合1洗发水与护发节省时间，但可留下您的头发的感觉太干或粘性。
Baby shampoos contain amphoterics and have less detergent and are not designed for cleaning adult hair, especially when alot of styling products have been used.婴儿洗发水含有较少amphoterics和洗涤剂，而不是专为成人头发的清洁，尤其是当大量的造型产品已被使用。 They may be appropriate for someone that has damaged hair and who finds standard shampoos too harsh.他们可能是适当的人说，已经损坏的头发，谁认定标准洗发水过于苛刻。
如何使用洗发水
Wet the scalp and hair using warm or cool water (hot water can be drying to the hair and scalp).湿头皮和头发用热烈或冷却水（热水可干燥的头发与头皮） 。 Apply a 5 to 10-cent amount of shampoo to palm and rub hands together to evenly distribute.适用5至10美分数额的洗发水，以棕榈油，用手擦出平均分配。 Apply the shampoo to the scalp.适用于洗发水的头皮上。 Massage gently with your fingertips for about 30 seconds and then rinse thoroughly.按摩与您的指尖轻轻地为大约30秒，然后彻底冲洗。
You only need to lather your hair once under normal conditions.你只需要你的头发一旦泡沫在正常情况下。 Lather is destroyed by sebum so an oily scalp may require a second shampoo.泡沫是破坏皮脂所以油性头皮可能需要第二次洗发水。 Excessive lather is wasteful: it doesn't clean hair any better.过多的泡沫是一种浪费：它不干净的头发更好。 Shampoo should be easy to rinse off, but conditioners, styling products and chemical processes may leave a residue.洗发水应易于冲洗，但是空调，造型产品和化学过程可能会留下残余物。
After rinsing, apply some conditioner in one hand and rub palms together to evenly distribute.经过清洗，适用于一些空调在一方面和摩擦双手合十，以均衡地分配。 Apply conditioner from the middle of the hair shaft down to ends.适用于空调，来自中东的头发骨干到结束。 Avoid the scalp unless scalp is dry.避免头皮除非头皮干燥。 Comb conditioner through hair to distribute product evenly.头发梳空调通过分发产品均匀。 Leave conditioner on hair for a few seconds to help smooth the cuticle.离开空调头发上几秒钟，以帮助顺利角质层。 Rinse thoroughly.彻底冲洗。
Conditioners are designed to counteract the effect of detergents, repair static electricity and split ends.空调旨在抵消影响的洗涤剂，修理静电开叉。 A silicone film smoothes cuticles and reduces friction and hair breakage, and maintains colour.硅胶膜平滑角质层，并减少摩擦和头发断裂，并保持颜色。 Conditioners often contain anionics for softness and manageability.空调通常包含anionics的柔软性和可管理性。
Medicated shampoos药用洗发水
Medicated shampoos may contain salicylic acid to loosen flakes of skin, and selenium sulfide , zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole or ciclopirox to reduce the numbers of Malassezia yeasts on the scalp.药用洗发水可能含有水杨酸放松片的皮肤， 硫化硒 ，锌pyrithione ， 酮康唑或环吡减少的数目马拉酵母菌的头皮上。 They are very helpful in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis .它们是非常有益的头皮屑和seborrhoeic性皮炎 。 They may also help treat scalp psoriasis and atopic dermatitis , but often shampoos containg coal tar are more useful in these conditions.他们还可以帮助治疗头皮银屑病和特应性皮炎 ，但往往是洗发水含煤焦油更有益的这些条件。
Medicated shampoos need to be left on for longer than normal shampoos.药用洗发水需要留在超过正常的洗发水。 Ideally, make the hair wet 10 minutes before your shower/bath.理想的情况下，使头发湿前10分钟的淋浴/浴。 Apply medicated shamoo as above.适用于药shamoo如上。 and massage gently into the scalp.并轻轻按摩到头皮上。 Leave for 10 minutes and rinse off well.离开10分钟，冲洗以及关闭。
You may still use a conditioner afterwards.您仍可以使用空调之后。
Skin problems due to shampoos皮肤问题，由于洗发水
Shampoos can irritate and cause scalp problems.洗发水可以刺激并造成头皮问题。 These are rare with modern products made by reputable manufacturers if they have been designed for sensitive skin and are used appropriately.这是罕见的与现代制造的产品有信誉的生产商，如果他们已经设计用于敏感皮肤，并使用得当。 Overwashing may have the following effects: Overwashing可能有以下影响：
The pH of the skin surface may change: look for pH-balanced shampoos. pH值的皮肤表面可能会改变：寻找pH值平衡的洗发水。
The number and type of bacteria and yeasts on the skin surface may change, resulting in dandruff or seborrhoeic dermatitis .的数量和类型的细菌和酵母菌的皮肤表面可能会改变，从而导致头皮屑或seborrhoeic皮炎 。
The surface oil film ( sebum ) is removed, allowing greater water loss through the epidermis to the skin surface, from where it evaporates.表面油膜（ 皮脂 ）被删除，让更多的水土流失通过表皮的皮肤表面，从那里蒸发。
The de-fatted skin may become excessively dry.去脱脂皮肤可能会变得过于干燥。
The surface horny cells may be loosened, disturbing barrier function and allowing more water loss.表面角质细胞可能放松，令人不安的屏障功能，并允许更多的水损失。 The skin becomes more permeable to chemicals such as hair dye and perming solution.皮肤变得更为容易渗透到化学品，如染发和烫发解决方案。
Dry skin is more prone to infection with Staphylococcus aureus , resulting in impetigo . 干燥的皮肤更容易受到感染的金黄色葡萄球菌 ，导致脓疱疮 。
Irritant contact dermatitis (red, dry, chafed skin) may develop. 刺激性接触性皮炎 （红色，干燥，皮肤恼火）可能发展。 This may be provoked by the dry skin itself, or by a particular surfactant in the shampoo.这可能是所挑起皮肤干燥本身，或由某一特定表面活性剂在洗发水。 Sodium lauryl sulphate is more irritating than sodium laureth sulphate for example.十二烷基硫酸钠是令人厌烦的其中钠laureth硫酸的例子。
Stinging, especially if dermatitis is already present.刺痛，特别是如果性皮炎已经存在。
Contact urticaria (immediate redness, itching and swelling) may arise due to a fragrance or preservative.接触性荨麻疹（立即发红，瘙痒和肿胀）可能产生的原因是香味或防腐剂。
Allergic contact dermatitis (a delayed but persistent reaction) may develop to a component of the shampoo. 过敏性接触性皮炎 （延迟，但持续的反应）可能发展到一个组成部分的洗发水。 Because they are rinsed off, true contact allergy to shampoo is rare.因为他们是冲洗后，真正接触过敏的洗发水是罕见的。 However it may result from:然而，它可能是由于：
Botanicals such as chamomile , lavender and rose oil植物，如甘菊 ，薰衣草和玫瑰油
Preservatives, such as Kathon CG or quaternium-15防腐剂，如凯松协商小组或quaternium - 15
Fragrances 香水
Protein contact dermatitis, a rare mixture of contact urticaria and allergic dermatitis, due to a protein component such as peanut or oatmeal.蛋白质接触性皮炎，这是一种罕见的混合接触性荨麻疹和过敏性皮炎，由于蛋白质的组成部分，如花生或燕麦片。
Types of cosmetology
Hair stylist
A hair stylist specializes in the styling of hair, including cutting, chemical services (relaxers, perms, and color as well as restorative treatments)
[edit] Shampoo technician
A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client's hair in preparation for the hair stylist. A shampoo tech may assist with rinsing permanent waves, and shampooing color and chemical relaxers out of the hair after processing. Shampoo techs are normally only employed by corporate or concept salons and large-volume beauty salons that are operated simultaneously. In some states, a shampoo tech must have a cosmetology permit. This is usually a temporary position, held by a person who is newly licensed with little or no experience.
[edit] Manicurist
A manicure is a cosmetic treatment for the fingernails and/or hands. The word "manicure" derives from Latin: manus for hand, cura for "care". When performed on the feet, such a treatment is called a pedicure.
Many manicures start by soaking the hands or feet in a softening substance and the application of lotion. A common type of manicure involves shaping the nails and application of nail polish. A manicure may also include the application of artificial nail tips, acrylics or artificial nail gels. Some manicures can include the painting of pictures or designs on the nails or applying small decals or imitation jewels.
In many areas, manicurists are licensed and follow regulation. Since skin is manipulated and is sometimes trimmed, there is a certain risk of spreading infection when tools are used across many people and therefore sanitation is a serious issue.
[edit] Esthetician
Facials may include the use of a facial mask.
An esthetician specializes in the study of skin care, including facials, microdermabrasion, body wraps (relaxing treatments which involve hot linens, plastic sheets, and blankets), salt glows (an exfoliation treatment), waxing as a form of hair removal, cosmetic make-up services and other services with advanced training. Estheticians may work independently in a spa or salon or may assist a doctor in his or her practice. Working with a doctor an esthetician may perform more advanced services that require a doctor's supervision, such as deep chemical peels. In addition to performing beauty services, an esthetician must be skilled in recommending skin and body care products and retailing them to their clients. Many state board cosmetology schools do not offer training in retailing, but post graduate colleges will offer training in retailing skills.
An esthetician can be licensed solely for that skill. An esthetician is not necessarily licensed in cosmetology, but is typically well versed in knowledge of skin care.
[edit] Beauty therapist
Specializes in all treatments that include, hair removal, massage, body wraps, skin care, eye lash and brow tinting, make up along with machine treatments such as non surgical facelifts and faradic muscle tone. She / he may under go special training to provide specialist treatments such as laser hair removal and electrolysis.
[edit] Nail technician
A nail technician specializes in the art form and care of nails. This includes manicures, pedicures, acrylic nails, gel nails, nail wraps, fake nails, etc. They are also knowledgeable in nail irregularities and diseases, and may be able to identify such problems. They do not treat diseases, and would typically refer a client to a physician.
[edit] Electrologist
An electrologist offers services with the use of an electrolysis machine. As opposed to the hair removal via waxing offered by an esthetician, hair removal via electrolysis is permanent. It has recently been argued that barbers are also cosmetologists who extend the hair stylist speciality with services especially for men, such as shaving.
[edit] Becoming a cosmetologist
Electric face mask, circa 1939
When choosing a school, try to find one flexible of your time. And if you want to know course lengths, don't immediately jump into the school. Meet with some students that go to school there and see if they like it. General cosmetology courses in the United States focus primarily on hairstyling, but also train their students as general beauticians versed in manicures, facials, etc. In a state-licensed beauty school, a certificate course in general cosmetology typically takes approximately one year to complete. Specialized, non-hairstyling courses such as manicure, facials, or makeup art are usually of shorter duration, lasting anywhere from two weeks to six months, although the most prestigious and exclusive beauty schools may offer much longer courses.
In the United States, all states require barbers, cosmetologists, and most other personal appearance workers (with the exception of shampooers) to be licensed; however, qualifications for a license vary by state. Generally, a person must have graduated from a state-licensed barber or cosmetology school and be at least 16 years old. A few states require applicants to pass a physical examination. Some states require graduation from high school, while others require as little as an eighth-grade education. In a few states, the completion of an apprenticeship can substitute for graduation from a school, but very few barbers or cosmetologists learn their skills this way. Applicants for a license usually are required to pass a written test and demonstrate an ability to perform basic barbering or cosmetology services.[2]
In most states, there is a legal distinction between barbers and cosmetologists, with different licensing requirements. These distinctions and requirements vary from state to state. In most states, cosmetology sanitation practices and ethical practices are governed by the state's health department and a Board of Cosmetology. These entities ensure public safety by regulating sanitation products and practices and licensing requirements. Consumer complaints are usually directed to these offices and investigated from there.
Persons interested in practicing cosmetology can graduate from a general cosmetology course and then obtain a license in any of the cosmetology sub-disciplines, or they can choose to study only to become a manicurist or cosmetician. Students may choose a private beauty school or one of the many vocational schools which offer cosmetology courses to high school students. In addition, there are national organizations that provide educational and professional information.
[edit] Income
Most cosmetologists are paid in one of three ways:
Commission: A percentage of the money made from the provision of services is given back to the cosmetologist as pay. Many paid this way are considered self-employed, and are responsible for taxes. The salon will provide overhead expenses such as products, lights, water, etc. Usually a commission is also given on retail products sold.
Booth rental: The cosmetologist rents a space in the salon, for a monthly fee. This type of pay is defined as self-employment and the cosmetologist is responsible for all products used (perms, color etc.) as well as taxes.
Hourly wage: Many corporate and small chains are going in this direction since it promotes a more controlled product by ensuring that employees are responsible for following company standards and policies.
Tips are another source of income. Skilled cosmetologists can often make a considerable portion of their income from tips from customers.
A hair stylist specializes in the styling of hair, including cutting, chemical services (relaxers, perms, and color as well as restorative treatments)
[edit] Shampoo technician
A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client's hair in preparation for the hair stylist. A shampoo tech may assist with rinsing permanent waves, and shampooing color and chemical relaxers out of the hair after processing. Shampoo techs are normally only employed by corporate or concept salons and large-volume beauty salons that are operated simultaneously. In some states, a shampoo tech must have a cosmetology permit. This is usually a temporary position, held by a person who is newly licensed with little or no experience.
[edit] Manicurist
A manicure is a cosmetic treatment for the fingernails and/or hands. The word "manicure" derives from Latin: manus for hand, cura for "care". When performed on the feet, such a treatment is called a pedicure.
Many manicures start by soaking the hands or feet in a softening substance and the application of lotion. A common type of manicure involves shaping the nails and application of nail polish. A manicure may also include the application of artificial nail tips, acrylics or artificial nail gels. Some manicures can include the painting of pictures or designs on the nails or applying small decals or imitation jewels.
In many areas, manicurists are licensed and follow regulation. Since skin is manipulated and is sometimes trimmed, there is a certain risk of spreading infection when tools are used across many people and therefore sanitation is a serious issue.
[edit] Esthetician
Facials may include the use of a facial mask.
An esthetician specializes in the study of skin care, including facials, microdermabrasion, body wraps (relaxing treatments which involve hot linens, plastic sheets, and blankets), salt glows (an exfoliation treatment), waxing as a form of hair removal, cosmetic make-up services and other services with advanced training. Estheticians may work independently in a spa or salon or may assist a doctor in his or her practice. Working with a doctor an esthetician may perform more advanced services that require a doctor's supervision, such as deep chemical peels. In addition to performing beauty services, an esthetician must be skilled in recommending skin and body care products and retailing them to their clients. Many state board cosmetology schools do not offer training in retailing, but post graduate colleges will offer training in retailing skills.
An esthetician can be licensed solely for that skill. An esthetician is not necessarily licensed in cosmetology, but is typically well versed in knowledge of skin care.
[edit] Beauty therapist
Specializes in all treatments that include, hair removal, massage, body wraps, skin care, eye lash and brow tinting, make up along with machine treatments such as non surgical facelifts and faradic muscle tone. She / he may under go special training to provide specialist treatments such as laser hair removal and electrolysis.
[edit] Nail technician
A nail technician specializes in the art form and care of nails. This includes manicures, pedicures, acrylic nails, gel nails, nail wraps, fake nails, etc. They are also knowledgeable in nail irregularities and diseases, and may be able to identify such problems. They do not treat diseases, and would typically refer a client to a physician.
[edit] Electrologist
An electrologist offers services with the use of an electrolysis machine. As opposed to the hair removal via waxing offered by an esthetician, hair removal via electrolysis is permanent. It has recently been argued that barbers are also cosmetologists who extend the hair stylist speciality with services especially for men, such as shaving.
[edit] Becoming a cosmetologist
Electric face mask, circa 1939
When choosing a school, try to find one flexible of your time. And if you want to know course lengths, don't immediately jump into the school. Meet with some students that go to school there and see if they like it. General cosmetology courses in the United States focus primarily on hairstyling, but also train their students as general beauticians versed in manicures, facials, etc. In a state-licensed beauty school, a certificate course in general cosmetology typically takes approximately one year to complete. Specialized, non-hairstyling courses such as manicure, facials, or makeup art are usually of shorter duration, lasting anywhere from two weeks to six months, although the most prestigious and exclusive beauty schools may offer much longer courses.
In the United States, all states require barbers, cosmetologists, and most other personal appearance workers (with the exception of shampooers) to be licensed; however, qualifications for a license vary by state. Generally, a person must have graduated from a state-licensed barber or cosmetology school and be at least 16 years old. A few states require applicants to pass a physical examination. Some states require graduation from high school, while others require as little as an eighth-grade education. In a few states, the completion of an apprenticeship can substitute for graduation from a school, but very few barbers or cosmetologists learn their skills this way. Applicants for a license usually are required to pass a written test and demonstrate an ability to perform basic barbering or cosmetology services.[2]
In most states, there is a legal distinction between barbers and cosmetologists, with different licensing requirements. These distinctions and requirements vary from state to state. In most states, cosmetology sanitation practices and ethical practices are governed by the state's health department and a Board of Cosmetology. These entities ensure public safety by regulating sanitation products and practices and licensing requirements. Consumer complaints are usually directed to these offices and investigated from there.
Persons interested in practicing cosmetology can graduate from a general cosmetology course and then obtain a license in any of the cosmetology sub-disciplines, or they can choose to study only to become a manicurist or cosmetician. Students may choose a private beauty school or one of the many vocational schools which offer cosmetology courses to high school students. In addition, there are national organizations that provide educational and professional information.
[edit] Income
Most cosmetologists are paid in one of three ways:
Commission: A percentage of the money made from the provision of services is given back to the cosmetologist as pay. Many paid this way are considered self-employed, and are responsible for taxes. The salon will provide overhead expenses such as products, lights, water, etc. Usually a commission is also given on retail products sold.
Booth rental: The cosmetologist rents a space in the salon, for a monthly fee. This type of pay is defined as self-employment and the cosmetologist is responsible for all products used (perms, color etc.) as well as taxes.
Hourly wage: Many corporate and small chains are going in this direction since it promotes a more controlled product by ensuring that employees are responsible for following company standards and policies.
Tips are another source of income. Skilled cosmetologists can often make a considerable portion of their income from tips from customers.
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